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Fixing Issue #306, Section 1.1 #356

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ad77c39
Fixing Issue 306, Section 1.1
esw0624 May 13, 2025
5eea003
Fixing Issue 306, Section 1.2
esw0624 May 13, 2025
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12 changes: 6 additions & 6 deletions source/sec_oss_matters.ptx
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Expand Up @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
Unfortunately, most people do not even read the legal terms and conditions for software packages before accepting them. A 2017 study entitled <url href="https://www.businessinsider.com/deloitte-study-91-percent-agree-terms-of-service-without-reading-2017-11?op=1" visual="businessinsider.com/deloitte-study-91-percent-agree-terms-of-service-without-reading-2017-11">You're not alone, no one reads terms of service agreements</url> found that over 90% of people do not read these statements before agreeing to them. Honestly, I am shocked that statistic is not even higher... So, everyone who does not read these is at the mercy of the developers, which might or might not be a safe choice. Open source should matter to those who do not read these license agreements because they and others can look at the source code.
</p>
<p>
Did you realize that open source software is so incredibly prevalent that you would be pretty hard-pressed to not be using it regularly? Android and Apple iOS very heavily dominate the global market share for cell phone operating systems. However, the <url href="https://source.android.com/" visual="source.android.com">Android</url> system has more than three times as many users as Apple's iOS, and Android is open source. <url href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" visual="en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux">Linux</url> is a family of open source operating systems that powers the majority of the webpages on the Internet. Chrome is by far the most popular browser on the planet, and while it is not fully open source, it is built on top of a number of OSS projects, the details of which can be found by going to "chrome://credits" in the Chrome browser's URL bar. Even Apple iOS, which as mentioned above is the second most popular operating systems for cell phones, includes a lot of OSS components which are listed in "Settings > General > Legal and Regulatory". We will learn a lot more about open source licensing in <xref ref="ch_licensing"/>. So, OSS matters to everyone who uses a cell phone or searches the Internet. In fact, these are just examples, virtually any piece of software that the reader is using will likely include OSS components, so OSS should matter to <em>you</em>!
Did you realize that OSS is so incredibly prevalent that you would be pretty hard-pressed to not be using it regularly? Android and Apple iOS very heavily dominate the global market share for cell phone operating systems. However, the <url href="https://source.android.com/" visual="source.android.com">Android</url> system has more than three times as many users as Apple's iOS, and Android is open source. <url href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" visual="en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux">Linux</url> is a family of open source operating systems that powers the majority of the webpages on the Internet. Chrome is by far the most popular browser on the planet, and while it is not fully open source, it is built on top of a number of OSS projects, the details of which can be found by going to "chrome://credits" in the Chrome browser's URL bar. Even Apple iOS, which as mentioned above is the second most popular operating systems for cell phones, includes a lot of OSS components which are listed in "Settings > General > Legal and Regulatory". We will learn a lot more about open source licensing in <xref ref="ch_licensing"/>. So, OSS matters to everyone who uses a cell phone or searches the Internet. In fact, these are just examples, virtually any piece of software that the reader is using will likely include OSS components, so OSS should matter to <em>you</em>!
</p>
<p>
OSS might also matter to you if you are a student or a learner because it is real. You can see into not only the source code but also into the process of making code improvements. And if you choose to go out into the real world looking for a job as a software developer, you will have a tremendous advantage if you can prove that you have experience in real software projects — ugly, messy, confusing, gigantic, real software projects.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -171,12 +171,12 @@ ch_building_code
<choice>
<statement>
<p>
Open source, because open source software is more transparent compared to proprietary software, allowing developers to respond to bugs more rapidly and efficiently.
Open source, because OSS is more transparent compared to proprietary software, allowing developers to respond to bugs more rapidly and efficiently.
</p>
</statement>
<feedback>
<p>
Despite the nature of open source that allows the public to access the source code, that doesn’t mean open-source software is more reliable and could still hold some security threats to users.
Despite the nature of open source that allows the public to access the source code, that doesn’t mean OSS is more reliable and could still hold some security threats to users.
</p>
</feedback>
</choice>
Expand All @@ -195,19 +195,19 @@ ch_building_code
<choice>
<statement>
<p>
Open source, because open source software needs a warranty to be protected from security threats.
Open source, because OSS needs a warranty to be protected from security threats.
</p>
</statement>
<feedback>
<p>
Open source software typically doesn't come with a warranty, but licenses that grant users the freedom to view, modify, and distribute the source code.
OSS typically doesn't come with a warranty, but licenses that grant users the freedom to view, modify, and distribute the source code.
</p>
</feedback>
</choice>
<choice correct = "yes">
<statement>
<p>
While open-source software seems inherently more secure, both open-source software and proprietary software pose possible challenges to software security.
While OSS seems inherently more secure, both OSS and proprietary software pose possible challenges to software security.
</p>
</statement>
<feedback>
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30 changes: 15 additions & 15 deletions source/sec_oss_what_it_is.ptx
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<title>What is Open Source Software?</title>
<introduction>
<p>
Open source software (OSS) which is also called Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is source code made freely available for possible modification and/or redistribution, depending upon the specific licensing.
Open source software is distributed under a license that grants users the freedom to run, study, modify, and share the software and its source code with anyone, for any purpose. Note that the "free" in FOSS is related to these freedoms of what one is permitted to do with the source code as opposed to being free of cost, which it might, or might not, be — more on this topic in the remainder of this chapter.
Open Source Software (OSS) which is also called Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is source code made freely available for possible modification and/or redistribution, depending upon the specific licensing.
OSS is distributed under a license that grants users the freedom to run, study, modify, and share the software and its source code with anyone, for any purpose. Note that the "Free" in FOSS is related to these freedoms of what one is permitted to do with the source code as opposed to being free of cost, which it might, or might not, be — more on this topic in the remainder of this chapter.
</p>

<p>
<idx>proprietary software</idx>
Open source software differs from closed source <term>proprietary software</term> where only the owners and those they appoint have access to the source code because the latter is closed-off to others. So, with closed source software, if you want to personally ascertain that a game or another piece of software that you want to download and install does not include code that will steal your data or take over your entire system, you are simply out of luck.
OSS differs from closed source <term>proprietary software</term> where only the owners and those they appoint have access to the source code because the latter is closed-off to others. So, with closed source software, if you want to personally ascertain that a game or another piece of software that you want to download and install does not include code that will steal your data or take over your entire system, you are simply out of luck.
</p>

<p>
There are more rigorous definitions of OSS and FOSS, and there are many licenses that help to ensure various freedoms in subtly different ways. We examine many of these details later in <xref ref="ch_licensing"/>. For now, we focus on this one simple idea: the freedom to view the source code is the essential element of open source software.
There are more rigorous definitions of OSS and FOSS, and there are many licenses that help to ensure various freedoms in subtly different ways. We examine many of these details later in <xref ref="ch_licensing"/>. For now, we focus on this one simple idea: the freedom to view the source code is the essential element of OSS.
</p>

<p>
Expand All @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Open source software is distributed under a license that grants users the freedo
</li>

<li>
Be able to articulate advantages and disadvantages of open source software;
Be able to articulate advantages and disadvantages of OSS;
</li>

<li>
Expand All @@ -48,20 +48,20 @@ Open source software is distributed under a license that grants users the freedo
</introduction>

<p>
This is, first and foremost, a textbook about how people create software collaboratively using a community development model, and about how you can become a member of one of those communities. When the source code is open to viewing, most people call the result of such work by the name <term>open source software (OSS)</term>.
This is, first and foremost, a textbook about how people create software collaboratively using a community development model, and about how you can become a member of one of those communities. When the source code is open to viewing, most people call the result of such work by the name <term>Open Source Software (OSS)</term>.
</p>
<p>
The following related terms relate to OSS that guarantees additional freedoms:
<idx>free software</idx>
<idx>free and open source software</idx>
<idx>Free and Open Source Software</idx>
<idx>FOSS</idx>
<idx>FLOSS</idx>
<idx>free/libre and open source software</idx>
Some people call <term>free software</term> or use both terms: <term>free and open source software (FOSS)</term>. Some people throw in the word libre to clarify the intended meaning of free, and call it <term>free/libre open source software (FLOSS)</term>.
<idx>Free/Libre and Open Source Software</idx>
Some people call <term>free software</term> or use both terms: <term>Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)</term>. Some people throw in the word libre to clarify the intended meaning of free, and call it <term>Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS)</term>.
</p>

<p>
There are valid reasons for the usage of these different terms in different contexts, but for the sake of breadth, we primarily use the terms <term>open source</term> or <term>open source software (OSS)</term> in this book. If you are interested in additional clarification or on the history of these related types of software and the evolution of the terms, see <url href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html" visual="www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software</url> by the open source <url href="https://www.gnu.org/" visual="www.gnu.org/">GNU Operating System</url>.
There are valid reasons for the usage of these different terms in different contexts, but for the sake of breadth, we primarily use the terms <term>open source</term> or <term>Open Source Software (OSS)</term> in this book. If you are interested in additional clarification or on the history of these related types of software and the evolution of the terms, see <url href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html" visual="www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software</url> by the open source <url href="https://www.gnu.org/" visual="www.gnu.org/">GNU Operating System</url>.
</p>

<p>
Expand All @@ -73,13 +73,13 @@ Open source software is distributed under a license that grants users the freedo
<idx>OSS</idx>
<statement>
<p>
<term>Open source software (OSS)</term> is software that is designed with code that is publicly accessible and openly viewed.
<term>Open Source Software (OSS)</term> is software that is designed with code that is publicly accessible and openly viewed.
</p>
</statement>
</definition>
</p>

<p>Open source software is typically developed in a collaborative way. It often relies upon peer review and community member contributions, frequently with community members from all over the world. In addition to seeing the code, often anyone can also freely modify and distribute the code as they see fit as long as the open source license is followed. We will explore licensing details in <xref ref="ch_licensing"/>
<p>OSS is typically developed in a collaborative way. It often relies upon peer review and community member contributions, frequently with community members from all over the world. In addition to seeing the code, often anyone can also freely modify and distribute the code as they see fit as long as the open source license is followed. We will explore licensing details in <xref ref="ch_licensing"/>
</p>

<p>
Expand All @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Open source software is distributed under a license that grants users the freedo
</statement>
<feedback>
<p>
Open Source Software is developed many purposes, not limited only to education.
Open Source Software (OSS) is developed many purposes, not limited only to education.
</p>
</feedback>
</choice>
Expand All @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Open source software is distributed under a license that grants users the freedo
</statement>
<feedback>
<p>
Correct! Open source software (OSS) is software that is designed with code that is publicly accessible and openly viewed.
Correct! Open Source Software (OSS) is software that is designed with code that is publicly accessible and openly viewed.
</p>
</feedback>
</choice>
Expand All @@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ Open source software is distributed under a license that grants users the freedo
</statement>
<feedback>
<p>
In fact, Open Source Software is often utilized for commercial projects, and many businesses leverage open-source software as a cost-effective solution to building their products.
In fact, Open Source Software (OSS) is often utilized for commercial projects, and many businesses leverage open-source software as a cost-effective solution to building their products.
</p>
</feedback>
</choice>
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