Tailor protocol paramaters safely for 10 parties

[v0d1ch]

---

• CHANGELOG updated or not needed
• Documentation updated or not needed
• Haddocks updated or not needed
• No new TODOs introduced or explained herafter

[github-actions]

Transaction cost differences

No cost or size differences found

[github-actions]

End-to-end benchmark differences

Comparing this PR (new) against master (old). Numbers come from cloud VMs, so changes under 5% are shown as ≈ and are likely run-to-run noise rather than a real regression or improvement. 🟢 = improvement, 🔴 = regression; uncolored rows are neutral measures reported for context.

Sustained load (3 nodes, 3x5000 txs)

Metric	master	PR	Δ
End-to-end TPS (tx/s)	580.59	457.28	🔴 -123.31 (-21.2%)
Sustained TPS (tx/s)	1,078.19	865.28	🔴 -212.91 (-19.7%)
Backlog drain time (s)	25.40	30.10	🔴 +4.70 (+18.5%)
Snapshots per second (/s)	0.62	0.52	-0.10 (-16.1%)
Avg txs per snapshot	937.50	882.40	-55.10 (-5.9%)
Avg. Confirmation Time (s)	21.024	26.150	🔴 +5.126 (+24.4%)
P50 confirmation (s)	22.313	27.846	🔴 +5.534 (+24.8%)
P95 confirmation (s)	25.393	32.191	🔴 +6.798 (+26.8%)
P99 confirmation (s)	25.695	32.319	🔴 +6.624 (+25.8%)
Tx validation time p50 (s)	8.409	9.104	🔴 +0.695 (+8.3%)
Peak node RSS (MB)	411.30	407.10	≈ -4.20 (-1.0%)
Invalid txs	0.00	0.00	≈ +0.00 (n/a%)

Plateau 1000 UTxO (1 node, 4000 txs)

Metric	master	PR	Δ
End-to-end TPS (tx/s)	232.38	216.56	🔴 -15.82 (-6.8%)
Backlog drain time (s)	17.10	18.40	🔴 +1.30 (+7.6%)
Snapshots per second (/s)	0.46	0.38	-0.08 (-17.4%)
Avg txs per snapshot	500.00	571.40	+71.40 (+14.3%)
Avg. Confirmation Time (s)	10.635	11.784	🔴 +1.149 (+10.8%)
P50 confirmation (s)	11.068	13.591	🔴 +2.523 (+22.8%)
P95 confirmation (s)	17.149	18.358	🔴 +1.210 (+7.1%)
P99 confirmation (s)	17.154	18.368	🔴 +1.214 (+7.1%)
Tx validation time p50 (s)	5.260	5.369	≈ +0.109 (+2.1%)
Peak node RSS (MB)	366.10	373.00	≈ +6.90 (+1.9%)
Invalid txs	0.00	0.00	≈ +0.00 (n/a%)

Round-trip latency (3 nodes, closed-loop, 3x250 txs)

Metric	master	PR	Δ
End-to-end TPS (tx/s)	94.21	101.24	🟢 +7.03 (+7.5%)
Sustained TPS (tx/s)	94.43	102.61	🟢 +8.18 (+8.7%)
Backlog drain time (s)	0.00	0.00	≈ +0.00 (n/a%)
Snapshots per second (/s)	63.56	68.57	+5.01 (+7.9%)
Avg txs per snapshot	1.50	1.50	≈ +0.00 (+0.0%)
Avg. Confirmation Time (s)	0.032	0.029	🟢 -0.002 (-7.0%)
P50 confirmation (s)	0.029	0.028	≈ -0.001 (-2.4%)
P95 confirmation (s)	0.052	0.040	🟢 -0.011 (-22.1%)
P99 confirmation (s)	0.085	0.044	🟢 -0.040 (-47.6%)
Tx validation time p50 (s)	0.008	0.007	≈ -0.000 (-3.8%)
Peak node RSS (MB)	148.00	150.10	≈ +2.10 (+1.4%)
Invalid txs	0.00	0.00	≈ +0.00 (n/a%)

[github-actions]

Transaction costs

Sizes and execution budgets for Hydra protocol transactions. Note that unlisted parameters are currently using arbitrary values and results are not fully deterministic and comparable to previous runs.

Metadata
Generated at	2026-08-11 09:07:16.81438603 UTC
Max. memory units	14000000
Max. CPU units	10000000000
Max. tx size (kB)	16384

Script summary

Name	Hash	Size (Bytes)
νHead	f2dd4ade71e19c2310a86215aa78aea06463aca2d8b818af8dc1b8a4	12805
μHead	4abb8dedbcd6a6f03f4fe227300e2713d73b7680d47baa898b60d27a*	4971
νDeposit	c78e8c9205721eb3ef4410f3db9c6169fa6db497c24641d29c20529c	1615
νCRS	09db7ee6cf7a4b358dd5c8a2f19d2c048336ffc5a01ef35a47ca7072	2736

• The minting policy hash is only usable for comparison. As the script is parameterized, the actual script is unique per head.

Init transaction costs

Parties	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
1	5475	9.79	3.23	0.49
2	5575	9.78	3.21	0.50
3	5668	10.56	3.47	0.51
5	5861	11.22	3.66	0.53
10	6338	13.80	4.49	0.57
50	10182	35.13	11.15	0.96
100	14980	62.12	19.60	1.45
114	16324	69.69	21.96	1.59

Cost of Increment Transaction

Parties	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
1	2321	20.68	7.36	0.47
2	2456	21.63	8.33	0.49
3	2583	22.50	9.27	0.51
5	2845	25.22	11.48	0.56
10	3500	30.11	16.37	0.67
50	8739	70.91	55.78	1.51
75	12021	97.30	80.73	2.05

Cost of Decrement Transaction

Parties	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
1	642	18.46	6.68	0.38
2	772	19.43	7.65	0.40
3	904	20.35	8.61	0.42
5	1167	22.30	10.56	0.46
10	1821	27.21	15.45	0.56
50	7063	67.90	54.84	1.40
75	10337	92.92	79.34	1.93

Close transaction costs

Parties	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
1	665	17.76	11.66	0.41
2	804	18.76	12.65	0.43
3	928	19.71	13.62	0.45
5	1190	21.67	15.58	0.49
10	1849	26.62	20.49	0.59
50	7087	67.49	60.02	1.44
75	10365	94.00	84.99	1.98

Contest transaction costs

Parties	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
1	701	21.48	14.90	0.46
2	836	22.66	15.94	0.49
3	964	23.81	16.97	0.51
5	1226	26.05	19.01	0.55
10	1880	31.74	24.15	0.66
50	7121	80.05	65.87	1.59
66	9218	98.62	82.35	1.95

FanOut transaction costs

Involves spending head output and burning head tokens. Uses ada-only UTXO for better comparability.
Rows first grow the UTxO set at a fixed 10 parties, then show the largest set that still fits per number of parties (burning more participation tokens leaves less room for outputs).

Parties	UTxO	UTxO (bytes)	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
10	0	0	5644	23.29	42.87	0.90
10	1	57	5679	25.63	45.39	0.93
10	5	283	5812	35.88	55.71	1.10
10	10	570	5984	49.89	68.99	1.31
10	20	1139	6324	82.42	96.97	1.79
1	20	1139	6044	76.20	95.00	1.72
5	20	1136	6166	78.96	95.88	1.75
10	20	1140	6325	82.42	96.97	1.79
20	20	1136	6631	89.74	99.26	1.88
50	15	854	7394	94.70	91.88	1.90

PartialFanOut transaction costs

Largest chunk of ada-only outputs that can be distributed in one partial fanout step, computed dynamically. The last row is the maximum total UTxO count where at least one output can still be distributed.

Total UTxO	Distributed	UTxO (bytes)	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
11	10	570	983	34.91	66.33	0.95
25	23	1307	1426	68.24	99.40	1.48
30	23	1308	1427	68.24	99.40	1.48
40	23	1310	1425	68.24	99.40	1.48
50	23	1308	1427	68.24	99.40	1.48
100	23	1308	1427	68.24	99.40	1.48
150	23	1310	1429	68.24	99.40	1.48
200	23	1308	1423	68.24	99.40	1.48
200	23	1311	1426	68.24	99.40	1.48

PartialFanOut transaction costs (with native tokens)

Largest chunk of native-token outputs that can be distributed in one partial fanout step, computed dynamically. The last row is the maximum total UTxO count where at least one output can still be distributed.

Total UTxO	Distributed	UTxO (bytes)	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
11	10	1090	1572	41.97	68.85	1.05
25	21	2415	2676	76.56	99.22	1.60
30	21	2289	2544	76.59	99.17	1.60
40	21	2226	2474	76.56	99.17	1.59
50	21	2373	2633	76.59	99.22	1.60
100	21	1953	2193	76.59	99.12	1.58
150	21	1953	2193	76.59	99.12	1.58
200	21	1974	2211	76.59	99.12	1.58
200	21	2247	2497	76.59	99.17	1.59

FinalPartialFanOut transaction costs (with native tokens)

Terminal partial fanout step (FanoutProgress → Final) with outputs carrying a native token. Burns all head tokens and proves accumulator exhaustion via BLS proof.

Distributed	UTxO (bytes)	Tx size	% max Mem	% max CPU	Min fee ₳
1	109	5529	21.97	44.27	0.89
5	575	5910	35.58	55.81	1.10
10	1090	6320	53.90	70.63	1.37
10	1060	6291	53.90	70.63	1.37

End-to-end benchmark results

This page is intended to collect the latest end-to-end benchmark results produced by Hydra's continuous integration (CI) system from the latest master code.

Please note that these results are approximate as they are currently produced from limited cloud VMs and not controlled hardware. Rather than focusing on the absolute results, the emphasis should be on relative results, such as how the timings for a scenario evolve as the code changes.

Generated at 2026-08-11 09:11:43.506833324 UTC

Baseline Scenario

Number of nodes	1
Number of txs	300
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	212.9
P99	216.5ms
P95	216.2ms
P50	213.3ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	155.7
End-to-end TPS	1370.28 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.2
Snapshots observed	3
Snapshots per second	13.70 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	100.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	142.6
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	2

Three local nodes

Number of nodes	3
Number of txs	900
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	1029.1
P99	1101.8ms
P95	1098.9ms
P50	1046.5ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	467.0
End-to-end TPS	809.85 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	1.0
Snapshots observed	3
Snapshots per second	2.70 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	300.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	146.2
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	4

Scenario benchmark results

This page collects results from the scenario matrix: every combination of cluster size, UTxO shape, and incremental-ops mode is exercised by CI from the latest master code and reported below.

Numbers are approximate. They come from cloud VMs rather than controlled hardware, so the useful signal is the relative change between cells and between commits, not the absolute throughput.

Generated at 2026-08-11 09:24:53.230047467 UTC

Summary across cells

TPS columns are rates (transactions per second); Wall clock (s) is the measured elapsed time from the first tx submission to the last confirmation. Times are rounded to one decimal.

Scenario	Txs	Wall clock (s)	End-to-end TPS (tx/s)	Sustained TPS (tx/s)	Avg conf (ms)	P95 conf (ms)
Nodes=1, Constant, fire and forget	30	0.0	891.17	n/a	32.8	33.4
Nodes=1, Constant, wait for tx valid	30	0.2	177.44	177.83	5.6	6.5
Nodes=1, Growing, fire and forget	30	0.0	831.11	n/a	35.1	35.8
Nodes=1, Growing, wait for tx valid	30	0.2	135.89	134.60	7.3	9.6
Nodes=1, Mixed, fire and forget	30	0.0	845.06	n/a	34.6	35.2
Nodes=1, Mixed, wait for tx valid	30	0.2	146.76	143.45	6.7	9.7
Nodes=2, Constant, fire and forget	60	0.1	949.20	n/a	61.9	62.6
Nodes=2, Constant, wait for tx valid	60	0.5	116.70	113.89	16.9	24.7
Nodes=2, Growing, fire and forget	60	0.1	716.18	n/a	82.0	82.9
Nodes=2, Growing, wait for tx valid	60	0.8	76.32	76.87	26.0	37.2
Nodes=2, Mixed, fire and forget	60	0.1	768.55	n/a	76.7	77.2
Nodes=2, Mixed, wait for tx valid	60	0.7	86.55	82.96	22.9	32.4
Nodes=3, Constant, fire and forget	90	0.1	705.92	n/a	122.9	127.1
Nodes=3, Constant, wait for tx valid	90	0.9	101.21	99.01	29.3	37.7
Nodes=3, Growing, fire and forget	90	0.2	538.92	n/a	162.8	165.6
Nodes=3, Growing, wait for tx valid	90	1.4	65.79	66.39	44.8	66.2
Nodes=3, Mixed, fire and forget	90	0.1	601.50	n/a	146.7	148.1
Nodes=3, Mixed, wait for tx valid	90	1.2	77.86	75.65	37.9	49.7

Nodes=1, Constant, fire and forget

Number of nodes	1
Number of txs	30
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	32.8
P99	33.4ms
P95	33.4ms
P50	33.0ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	18.3
End-to-end TPS	891.17 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	59.41 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	15.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	142.8
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	2

Nodes=1, Constant, wait for tx valid

Number of nodes	1
Number of txs	30
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	5.6
P99	10.4ms
P95	6.5ms
P50	5.1ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	1.8
End-to-end TPS	177.44 tx/s
Sustained TPS	177.83 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	30
Snapshots per second	177.44 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	143.4
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	2

Nodes=1, Growing, fire and forget

Number of nodes	1
Number of txs	30
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	35.1
P99	35.8ms
P95	35.8ms
P50	35.4ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	17.2
End-to-end TPS	831.11 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	55.41 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	15.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	143.9
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	31

Nodes=1, Growing, wait for tx valid

Number of nodes	1
Number of txs	30
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	7.3
P99	11.6ms
P95	9.6ms
P50	7.3ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	1.9
End-to-end TPS	135.89 tx/s
Sustained TPS	134.60 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	30
Snapshots per second	135.89 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	144.2
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	31

Nodes=1, Mixed, fire and forget

Each client first grows its UTxO set (1-in to 2-out) for half of its tx budget, then contracts it back (2-in to 1-out) for the remainder.

Number of nodes	1
Number of txs	30
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	34.6
P99	35.2ms
P95	35.2ms
P50	34.8ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	17.9
End-to-end TPS	845.06 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	56.34 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	15.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	143.6
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	2

Nodes=1, Mixed, wait for tx valid

Each client first grows its UTxO set (1-in to 2-out) for half of its tx budget, then contracts it back (2-in to 1-out) for the remainder.

Number of nodes	1
Number of txs	30
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	6.7
P99	12.1ms
P95	9.7ms
P50	6.2ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	1.9
End-to-end TPS	146.76 tx/s
Sustained TPS	143.45 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	30
Snapshots per second	146.76 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	142.8
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	2

Nodes=2, Constant, fire and forget

Number of nodes	2
Number of txs	60
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	61.9
P99	62.7ms
P95	62.6ms
P50	62.2ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	20.2
End-to-end TPS	949.20 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.1
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	31.64 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	30.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	143.5
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	3

Nodes=2, Constant, wait for tx valid

Number of nodes	2
Number of txs	60
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	16.9
P99	28.9ms
P95	24.7ms
P50	15.9ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	4.5
End-to-end TPS	116.70 tx/s
Sustained TPS	113.89 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	60
Snapshots per second	116.70 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	143.7
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	3

Nodes=2, Growing, fire and forget

Number of nodes	2
Number of txs	60
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	82.0
P99	82.9ms
P95	82.9ms
P50	82.4ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	25.0
End-to-end TPS	716.18 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.1
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	23.87 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	30.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	144.7
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	62

Nodes=2, Growing, wait for tx valid

Number of nodes	2
Number of txs	60
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	26.0
P99	39.6ms
P95	37.2ms
P50	25.4ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	7.0
End-to-end TPS	76.32 tx/s
Sustained TPS	76.87 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	60
Snapshots per second	76.32 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	145.3
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	62

Nodes=2, Mixed, fire and forget

Each client first grows its UTxO set (1-in to 2-out) for half of its tx budget, then contracts it back (2-in to 1-out) for the remainder.

Number of nodes	2
Number of txs	60
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	76.7
P99	77.3ms
P95	77.2ms
P50	76.9ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	32.5
End-to-end TPS	768.55 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.1
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	25.62 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	30.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	142.9
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	3

Nodes=2, Mixed, wait for tx valid

Each client first grows its UTxO set (1-in to 2-out) for half of its tx budget, then contracts it back (2-in to 1-out) for the remainder.

Number of nodes	2
Number of txs	60
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	22.9
P99	36.0ms
P95	32.4ms
P50	23.0ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	6.0
End-to-end TPS	86.55 tx/s
Sustained TPS	82.96 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	60
Snapshots per second	86.55 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	143.3
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	3

Nodes=3, Constant, fire and forget

Number of nodes	3
Number of txs	90
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	122.9
P99	127.2ms
P95	127.1ms
P50	123.1ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	56.7
End-to-end TPS	705.92 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.1
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	15.69 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	45.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	144.6
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	4

Nodes=3, Constant, wait for tx valid

Number of nodes	3
Number of txs	90
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	29.3
P99	40.0ms
P95	37.7ms
P50	28.1ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	8.0
End-to-end TPS	101.21 tx/s
Sustained TPS	99.01 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	61
Snapshots per second	68.60 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.5
Peak node RSS (MB)	143.9
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	4

Nodes=3, Growing, fire and forget

Number of nodes	3
Number of txs	90
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	162.8
P99	165.7ms
P95	165.6ms
P50	165.2ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	52.2
End-to-end TPS	538.92 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.2
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	11.98 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	45.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	144.6
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	0

Nodes=3, Growing, wait for tx valid

Number of nodes	3
Number of txs	90
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	44.8
P99	73.3ms
P95	66.2ms
P50	43.6ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	11.8
End-to-end TPS	65.79 tx/s
Sustained TPS	66.39 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.1
Snapshots observed	63
Snapshots per second	46.05 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.4
Peak node RSS (MB)	145.8
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	0

Nodes=3, Mixed, fire and forget

Each client first grows its UTxO set (1-in to 2-out) for half of its tx budget, then contracts it back (2-in to 1-out) for the remainder.

Number of nodes	3
Number of txs	90
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	146.7
P99	148.1ms
P95	148.1ms
P50	147.4ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	44.8
End-to-end TPS	601.50 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.1
Snapshots observed	2
Snapshots per second	13.37 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	45.0
Peak node RSS (MB)	143.7
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	4

Nodes=3, Mixed, wait for tx valid

Each client first grows its UTxO set (1-in to 2-out) for half of its tx budget, then contracts it back (2-in to 1-out) for the remainder.

Number of nodes	3
Number of txs	90
Avg. Confirmation Time (ms)	37.9
P99	57.9ms
P95	49.7ms
P50	37.0ms
Tx validation time p50 (ms)	10.3
End-to-end TPS	77.86 tx/s
Sustained TPS	75.65 tx/s
Backlog drain time (s)	0.0
Snapshots observed	62
Snapshots per second	53.64 /s
Avg txs per snapshot	1.5
Peak node RSS (MB)	144.8
Number of Invalid txs	0
Fanout outputs	4