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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>KMP Algorithm Visualizer</title>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/react@18/umd/react.development.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/react-dom@18/umd/react-dom.development.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@babel/standalone/babel.min.js"></script>
<style>
* {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
body {
font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
min-height: 100vh;
padding: 20px;
}
.container {
max-width: 1200px;
margin: 0 auto;
background: white;
border-radius: 16px;
box-shadow: 0 20px 40px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
overflow: hidden;
}
.header {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4f46e5 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
color: white;
padding: 30px;
text-align: center;
}
.header h1 {
font-size: 2.5rem;
margin-bottom: 10px;
font-weight: 700;
}
.header p {
font-size: 1.1rem;
opacity: 0.9;
}
.controls {
padding: 30px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
}
.input-group {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.input-group label {
display: block;
font-weight: 600;
margin-bottom: 8px;
color: #374151;
}
.input-row {
display: flex;
gap: 10px;
align-items: center;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
input[type="text"] {
flex: 1;
min-width: 200px;
padding: 12px 16px;
border: 2px solid #e5e7eb;
border-radius: 8px;
font-size: 16px;
font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;
transition: border-color 0.2s;
}
input[type="text"]:focus {
outline: none;
border-color: #4f46e5;
}
.btn {
padding: 12px 20px;
background: #4f46e5;
color: white;
border: none;
border-radius: 8px;
font-weight: 600;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.2s;
font-size: 14px;
}
.btn:hover {
background: #4338ca;
transform: translateY(-1px);
}
.btn:disabled {
background: #9ca3af;
cursor: not-allowed;
transform: none;
}
.btn-secondary {
background: #6b7280;
}
.btn-secondary:hover {
background: #4b5563;
}
.visualization {
padding: 30px;
}
.strings-container {
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
.string-row {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
margin-bottom: 15px;
font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;
font-size: 20px;
}
.chars-container {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
min-height: 39px;
}
.string-label {
width: 80px;
font-weight: 600;
color: #374151;
margin-right: 15px;
padding-right: 5px;
flex-shrink: 0;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
}
.char-box {
width: 35px;
height: 35px;
display: inline-flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
border: 2px solid #e5e7eb;
margin-right: 2px;
font-weight: 600;
transition: all 0.3s;
flex-shrink: 0;
}
.char-box.current-text {
background: #fbbf24;
border-color: #f59e0b;
color: #92400e;
}
.char-box.current-pattern {
background: #60a5fa;
border-color: #3b82f6;
color: #1e40af;
}
.char-box.match {
background: #34d399;
border-color: #10b981;
color: #065f46;
}
.char-box.mismatch {
background: #f87171;
border-color: #ef4444;
color: #991b1b;
}
.step-controls {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
gap: 15px;
margin-bottom: 30px;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.info-panel {
background: #f8fafc;
border-radius: 12px;
padding: 20px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.info-panel h3 {
color: #1e293b;
margin-bottom: 10px;
font-size: 1.2rem;
}
.info-panel p {
color: #64748b;
line-height: 1.6;
}
.failure-function {
background: #fef3c7;
border: 1px solid #fbbf24;
border-radius: 8px;
padding: 15px;
margin-top: 20px;
}
.failure-function h4 {
color: #92400e;
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.failure-table {
display: flex;
gap: 2px;
font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;
}
.failure-cell {
width: 35px;
height: 60px;
border: 1px solid #f59e0b;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
background: white;
transition: all 0.3s;
}
.failure-cell.highlighted {
background: #fef3c7;
border-color: #f59e0b;
border-width: 2px;
}
.failure-char {
font-weight: bold;
color: #92400e;
}
.failure-value {
font-size: 12px;
color: #059669;
font-weight: bold;
}
.toggle-section {
text-align: center;
padding: 20px;
border-top: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
display: flex;
gap: 15px;
justify-content: center;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.code-panel {
background: #1e293b;
color: #e2e8f0;
border-radius: 12px;
padding: 20px;
margin: 20px 0;
font-family: 'Courier New', monospace;
overflow-x: auto;
}
.code-panel h3 {
color: #60a5fa;
margin-bottom: 15px;
font-size: 1.2rem;
}
.code-line {
padding: 4px 8px;
margin: 2px 0;
border-radius: 4px;
transition: all 0.3s;
position: relative;
}
.code-line.highlighted {
background: #374151;
border-left: 4px solid #fbbf24;
transform: translateX(4px);
}
.code-line.next-line {
background: #1f2937;
border-left: 4px solid #60a5fa;
}
.variable-values {
position: absolute;
right: 10px;
top: 50%;
transform: translateY(-50%);
background: #0f172a;
padding: 2px 8px;
border-radius: 4px;
font-size: 12px;
color: #34d399;
}
.code-section {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.algorithm-tabs {
display: flex;
gap: 10px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
.tab-btn {
padding: 8px 16px;
background: #475569;
color: white;
border: none;
border-radius: 6px;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 14px;
transition: background 0.2s;
}
.tab-btn.active {
background: #4f46e5;
}
.tab-btn:hover {
background: #3730a3;
}
input[type="range"] {
-webkit-appearance: none;
appearance: none;
height: 6px;
background: #e5e7eb;
border-radius: 3px;
outline: none;
cursor: pointer;
}
input[type="range"]::-webkit-slider-thumb {
-webkit-appearance: none;
appearance: none;
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
background: #4f46e5;
border-radius: 50%;
cursor: pointer;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
border: 2px solid white;
}
input[type="range"]::-webkit-slider-thumb:hover {
background: #4338ca;
transform: scale(1.1);
transition: all 0.2s;
}
input[type="range"]::-moz-range-track {
background: #e5e7eb;
height: 6px;
border-radius: 3px;
border: none;
}
input[type="range"]::-moz-range-thumb {
background: #4f46e5;
height: 20px;
width: 20px;
border-radius: 50%;
border: 2px solid white;
cursor: pointer;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
}
@media (max-width: 768px) {
.header h1 {
font-size: 2rem;
}
.input-row {
flex-direction: column;
align-items: stretch;
}
.step-controls {
flex-direction: column;
}
.btn {
width: 100%;
}
.char-box {
width: 30px;
height: 30px;
font-size: 14px;
}
.string-row {
font-size: 16px;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="root"></div>
<script type="text/babel">
const { useState, useEffect, useCallback } = React;
function KMPVisualizer() {
const [text, setText] = useState("ABABDABACDABABCABCABCABCAB");
const [pattern, setPattern] = useState("ABABCABCAB");
const [currentStep, setCurrentStep] = useState(0);
const [isRunning, setIsRunning] = useState(false);
const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState('search');
const [isFailureMode, setIsFailureMode] = useState(false);
const [failureCurrentStep, setFailureCurrentStep] = useState(0);
const [speed, setSpeed] = useState(800);
const [steps, setSteps] = useState([]);
const [failureFunction, setFailureFunction] = useState([]);
const [failureSteps, setFailureSteps] = useState([]);
const buildFailureFunction = useCallback((pattern) => {
const failure = new Array(pattern.length).fill(0);
const steps = [];
let j = 0;
steps.push({ i: 0, j: 0, line: 1, description: 'Initialize failure[0] = 0', failure: [...failure] });
for (let i = 1; i < pattern.length; i++) {
steps.push({ i, j, line: 2, description: `Compare pattern[${i}] = '${pattern[i]}' with pattern[${j}] = '${pattern[j]}'`, failure: [...failure] });
while (j > 0 && pattern[i] !== pattern[j]) {
steps.push({ i, j, line: 3, description: `Mismatch! Using failure[${j-1}] = ${failure[j-1]}`, failure: [...failure] });
j = failure[j - 1];
steps.push({ i, j, line: 3, description: `Set j = ${j}`, failure: [...failure] });
}
if (pattern[i] === pattern[j]) {
steps.push({ i, j, line: 4, description: `Match! Increment j to ${j + 1}`, failure: [...failure] });
j++;
}
failure[i] = j;
steps.push({ i, j, line: 5, description: `Set failure[${i}] = ${j}`, failure: [...failure] });
}
setFailureSteps(steps);
return failure;
}, []);
const runKMP = useCallback(() => {
const failure = buildFailureFunction(pattern);
setFailureFunction(failure);
const steps = [];
const foundMatches = [];
let i = 0; // text index
let j = 0; // pattern index
while (i < text.length) {
const step = {
textIndex: i,
patternIndex: j,
patternStart: i - j,
isMatch: text[i] === pattern[j],
description: '',
matches: [...foundMatches],
line: 0,
nextLine: 0
};
if (text[i] === pattern[j]) {
step.line = 1;
step.description = `Match: '${text[i]}' === '${pattern[j]}'`;
i++;
j++;
step.nextLine = 2;
if (j === pattern.length) {
const matchPos = i - j;
foundMatches.push(matchPos);
step.line = 3;
step.description = `🎉 Complete match found at position ${matchPos}!`;
step.matches = [...foundMatches];
steps.push(step);
// Reset for next potential match
j = failure[j - 1];
// Add step showing reset
if (i < text.length) {
steps.push({
textIndex: i,
patternIndex: j,
patternStart: i - j,
isMatch: false,
description: `Reset using failure function: j = ${j}. Continue searching...`,
matches: [...foundMatches],
line: 4,
nextLine: 1
});
}
continue;
}
} else {
step.line = 5;
step.description = `Mismatch: '${text[i]}' !== '${pattern[j]}'`;
if (j !== 0) {
step.line = 6;
step.description += ` → Using failure function: j = ${failure[j - 1]}`;
j = failure[j - 1];
step.nextLine = 6;
} else {
step.line = 7;
i++;
step.nextLine = 1;
}
}
steps.push(step);
}
// Add final result step
const finalStep = {
textIndex: text.length,
patternIndex: 0,
patternStart: text.length,
isMatch: false,
description: foundMatches.length > 0
? `✅ Search complete! Pattern found ${foundMatches.length} time(s) at position(s): ${foundMatches.join(', ')}`
: `❌ Search complete! Pattern not found in text.`,
matches: foundMatches,
line: 0,
nextLine: 0
};
steps.push(finalStep);
setSteps(steps);
setCurrentStep(0);
}, [text, pattern, buildFailureFunction]);
useEffect(() => {
runKMP();
}, [runKMP]);
const generateRandomText = () => {
const chars = 'ABCD';
let result = '';
for (let i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
result += chars[Math.floor(Math.random() * chars.length)];
}
setText(result);
};
const generateRandomPattern = () => {
const chars = 'ABCD';
let result = '';
const length = 3 + Math.floor(Math.random() * 5);
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
result += chars[Math.floor(Math.random() * chars.length)];
}
setPattern(result);
};
const nextStep = () => {
if (isFailureMode) {
if (failureCurrentStep < failureSteps.length - 1) {
setFailureCurrentStep(failureCurrentStep + 1);
}
} else {
if (currentStep < steps.length - 1) {
setCurrentStep(currentStep + 1);
}
}
};
const prevStep = () => {
if (isFailureMode) {
if (failureCurrentStep > 0) {
setFailureCurrentStep(failureCurrentStep - 1);
}
} else {
if (currentStep > 0) {
setCurrentStep(currentStep - 1);
}
}
};
const reset = () => {
if (isFailureMode) {
setFailureCurrentStep(0);
} else {
setCurrentStep(0);
}
setIsRunning(false);
};
const autoPlay = () => {
setIsRunning(!isRunning);
};
const switchMode = () => {
setIsFailureMode(!isFailureMode);
setIsRunning(false);
if (!isFailureMode) {
setActiveTab('failure');
} else {
setActiveTab('search');
}
};
// Sync code tabs with current mode
useEffect(() => {
if (isFailureMode) {
setActiveTab('failure');
} else {
setActiveTab('search');
}
}, [isFailureMode]);
useEffect(() => {
let interval;
if (isRunning) {
if (isFailureMode && failureCurrentStep < failureSteps.length - 1) {
interval = setInterval(() => {
setFailureCurrentStep(prev => {
if (prev >= failureSteps.length - 1) {
setIsRunning(false);
return prev;
}
return prev + 1;
});
}, speed);
} else if (!isFailureMode && currentStep < steps.length - 1) {
interval = setInterval(() => {
setCurrentStep(prev => {
if (prev >= steps.length - 1) {
setIsRunning(false);
return prev;
}
return prev + 1;
});
}, speed);
} else {
setIsRunning(false);
}
}
return () => clearInterval(interval);
}, [isRunning, currentStep, failureCurrentStep, steps.length, failureSteps.length, speed, isFailureMode]);
const currentStepData = isFailureMode ? failureSteps[failureCurrentStep] || {} : steps[currentStep] || {};
const { textIndex = 0, patternIndex = 0, patternStart = 0, isMatch = false, description = '', matches = [] } = currentStepData;
const currentFailureData = failureSteps[failureCurrentStep] || {};
const totalSteps = isFailureMode ? failureSteps.length : steps.length;
const currentStepNumber = isFailureMode ? failureCurrentStep : currentStep;
return (
<div className="container">
<div className="header">
<h1>KMP Algorithm Visualizer</h1>
<div style={{marginTop: '20px', padding: '15px', background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.1)', borderRadius: '8px', fontSize: '0.95rem', lineHeight: '1.5'}}>
This visualizer shows both the search algorithm and failure function as they run during Knuth-Morris-Pratt. I used Claude to make it. The reason I made it is because I saw a very intriguing comment from Robert Sedgewick in the first edition of Algorithms in C: he said that the construction of the failure function is more or less running KMP on the pattern itself. Kinda hard to see hence this little experiment.
</div>
</div>
<div className="controls">
<div className="input-group">
<label>Text:</label>
<div className="input-row">
<input
type="text"
value={text}
onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value.toUpperCase())}
placeholder="Enter text to search in"
/>
<button className="btn btn-secondary" onClick={generateRandomText}>
Generate
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div className="input-group">
<label>Pattern:</label>
<div className="input-row">
<input
type="text"
value={pattern}
onChange={(e) => setPattern(e.target.value.toUpperCase())}
placeholder="Enter pattern to search for"
/>
<button className="btn btn-secondary" onClick={generateRandomPattern}>
Generate
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div className="visualization">
<div className="strings-container">
{!isFailureMode && (
<>
<div className="string-row">
<span className="string-label">Text:</span>
<div className="chars-container">
{text.split('').map((char, i) => {
let className = 'char-box';
if (i === textIndex) {
className += ' current-text';
}
// Check if this position is part of any found match
for (let matchPos of matches) {
if (i >= matchPos && i < matchPos + pattern.length) {
className += ' match';
break;
}
}
return (
<div key={i} className={className}>
{char}
</div>
);
})}
</div>
</div>
<div className="string-row">
<span className="string-label">Pattern:</span>
<div className="chars-container">
{Array(patternStart).fill(' ').map((_, i) => (
<div key={`space-${i}`} className="char-box" style={{border: 'none', background: 'transparent'}}></div>
))}
{pattern.split('').map((char, i) => (
<div
key={i}
className={`char-box ${
i === patternIndex ? 'current-pattern' : ''
} ${
i < patternIndex ? (isMatch ? 'match' : 'mismatch') : ''
}`}
>
{char}
</div>
))}
</div>
</div>
</>
)}
{isFailureMode && (
<div className="string-row">
<span className="string-label">Pattern:</span>
<div className="chars-container">
{pattern.split('').map((char, i) => (
<div
key={i}
className={`char-box ${
i === currentFailureData.i ? 'current-text' :
i === currentFailureData.j ? 'current-pattern' : ''
}`}
>
{char}
</div>
))}
</div>
</div>
)}
</div>
<div className="step-controls">
<button className="btn" onClick={switchMode}>
{isFailureMode ? 'Switch to KMP Search' : 'Switch to Failure Function'}
</button>
<button className="btn" onClick={prevStep} disabled={currentStepNumber === 0}>
← Previous
</button>
<button className="btn" onClick={autoPlay}>
{isRunning ? 'Pause' : 'Auto Play'}
</button>
<button className="btn" onClick={nextStep} disabled={currentStepNumber >= totalSteps - 1}>
Next →
</button>
<button className="btn btn-secondary" onClick={reset}>
Reset
</button>
</div>
<div style={{display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: '10px', marginTop: '15px', justifyContent: 'center'}}>
<span style={{fontSize: '14px', color: '#6b7280', minWidth: '60px'}}>Speed:</span>
<input
type="range"
min="200"
max="3000"
step="50"
value={3200 - speed}
onChange={(e) => setSpeed(3200 - parseInt(e.target.value))}
style={{width: '150px'}}
/>
<span style={{fontSize: '12px', color: '#9ca3af', minWidth: '50px'}}>
{speed <= 300 ? 'Fast' : speed <= 800 ? 'Normal' : 'Slow'}
</span>
</div>
<div className="info-panel">
<h3>{isFailureMode ? 'Failure Function Building' : 'KMP Search'} - Step {currentStepNumber + 1} of {totalSteps}</h3>
<p>{isFailureMode ? currentFailureData.description : description}</p>
{!isFailureMode && <p><strong>Text Index:</strong> {textIndex}, <strong>Pattern Index:</strong> {patternIndex}</p>}
{isFailureMode && <p><strong>Pattern Index i:</strong> {currentFailureData.i}, <strong>LPS Index j:</strong> {currentFailureData.j}</p>}
</div>
<div className="code-panel">
<div className="algorithm-tabs">
<button
className={`tab-btn ${activeTab === 'search' ? 'active' : ''}`}
onClick={() => {
setActiveTab('search');
if (isFailureMode) {
setIsFailureMode(false);
setIsRunning(false);
}
}}
>
KMP Search Algorithm
</button>
<button
className={`tab-btn ${activeTab === 'failure' ? 'active' : ''}`}
onClick={() => {
setActiveTab('failure');
if (!isFailureMode) {
setIsFailureMode(true);
setIsRunning(false);
}
}}
>
Build Failure Function
</button>
</div>
{activeTab === 'search' && (
<div className="code-section">
<h3>Python Implementation - KMP Search</h3>
<div className="code-line">def kmp_search(text, pattern, failure):</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 1) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}while i < len(text):
{(steps[currentStep]?.line === 1) && (
<span className="variable-values">i={textIndex}, j={patternIndex}</span>
)}
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 1 || steps[currentStep]?.line === 5) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}if text[i] == pattern[j]:
{((steps[currentStep]?.line === 1) || (steps[currentStep]?.line === 5)) && (
<span className="variable-values">'{text[textIndex]}' == '{pattern[patternIndex]}'</span>
)}
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 2) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}i += 1; j += 1
{(steps[currentStep]?.line === 2) && (
<span className="variable-values">i={textIndex + 1}, j={patternIndex + 1}</span>
)}
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 3) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}if j == len(pattern):
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 4) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}return i - j # Found match!
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 6) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}elif j != 0:
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 6) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}j = failure[j - 1] # Use failure function
{(steps[currentStep]?.line === 6) && (
<span className="variable-values">j = {failureFunction[patternIndex - 1] || 0}</span>
)}
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 7) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}else:
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(steps[currentStep]?.line === 7) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}i += 1
{(steps[currentStep]?.line === 7) && (
<span className="variable-values">i={textIndex + 1}</span>
)}
</div>
<div className="code-line">{" "}return -1 # Pattern not found</div>
</div>
)}
{activeTab === 'failure' && (
<div className="code-section">
<h3>Python Implementation - Build Failure Function</h3>
<div className="code-line">def build_failure_function(pattern):</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(currentFailureData?.line === 1) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}failure = [0] * len(pattern)
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(currentFailureData?.line === 2) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}for i in range(1, len(pattern)):
{(currentFailureData?.line === 2) && (
<span className="variable-values">i={currentFailureData?.i}, j={currentFailureData?.j}</span>
)}
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(currentFailureData?.line === 3) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}while j > 0 and pattern[i] != pattern[j]:
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(currentFailureData?.line === 3) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}j = failure[j - 1]
{(currentFailureData?.line === 3) && (
<span className="variable-values">j={currentFailureData?.failure?.[currentFailureData?.j - 1] || 0}</span>
)}
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(currentFailureData?.line === 4) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}if pattern[i] == pattern[j]:
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(currentFailureData?.line === 4) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}j += 1
{(currentFailureData?.line === 4) && (
<span className="variable-values">j={currentFailureData?.j + 1}</span>
)}
</div>
<div className={`code-line ${(currentFailureData?.line === 5) ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
{" "}failure[i] = j
{(currentFailureData?.line === 5) && (
<span className="variable-values">failure[{currentFailureData?.i}] = {currentFailureData?.j}</span>
)}
</div>
<div className="code-line">{" "}return failure</div>
</div>
)}
</div>
</div>
<div className="toggle-section">
{!isFailureMode && (
<div className="failure-function">
<h4>Failure Function (LPS Array)</h4>
<p>Shows the length of the longest proper prefix which is also a suffix for each position:</p>
<div className="failure-table">
{pattern.split('').map((char, i) => (
<div key={i} className="failure-cell">
<div className="failure-char">{char}</div>
<div className="failure-value">{failureFunction[i]}</div>
</div>
))}
</div>
</div>
)}
{isFailureMode && (
<div className="failure-function">
<h4>Building Failure Function (LPS Array)</h4>
<p>Current state of the LPS array being built:</p>
<div className="failure-table">
{pattern.split('').map((char, i) => (
<div key={i} className={`failure-cell ${i === currentFailureData.i ? 'highlighted' : ''}`}>
<div className="failure-char">{char}</div>
<div className="failure-value">{currentFailureData.failure?.[i] || 0}</div>
</div>
))}
</div>
</div>
)}
</div>
</div>
);
}
ReactDOM.render(<KMPVisualizer />, document.getElementById('root'));
</script>
</body>
</html>