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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html">V and C</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html#calling-c-from-v"> Calling C from V</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html#calling-v-from-c"> Calling V from C</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html#passing-c-compilation-flags"> Passing C compilation flags</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html##pkgconfig"> #pkgconfig</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html#including-c-code"> Including C code</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html#c-types"> C types</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html#c-declarations"> C Declarations</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html#translating-c-to-v"> Translating C to V</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="v-and-c.html#working-around-c-issues"> Working around C issues</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-v-features.html#inline-assembly"> Inline assembly</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-v-features.html#hot-code-reloading"> Hot code reloading</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-v-features.html#cross-platform-shell-scripts-in-v"> Cross-platform shell scripts in V</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-v-features.html#vsh-scripts-with-no-extension"> Vsh scripts with no extension</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="appendix-i-keywords.html">Appendix I: Keywords</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="appendix-ii-operators.html">Appendix II: Operators</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#v-contributing-guide"> V contributing guide</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#v-language-documentation"> V language documentation</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#v-standard-module-documentation"> V standard module documentation</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#v-online-playground"> V online playground</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#awesome-v"> Awesome V</a>
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<a class="nav-entry-link" href="other-online-resources.html#the-v-language-discord"> The V language Discord</a>
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<main class="v-doc">
<h1 class="main">Structs</h1>
<div class="language-v">struct Point {
x int
y int
}
mut p := Point{
x: 10
y: 20
}
println(p.x) // Struct fields are accessed using a dot
// Alternative positional syntax; values follow the field declaration order.
p = Point{10, 20}
assert p.x == 10
</div>
<p>Struct fields can re-use reserved keywords:</p>
<div class="language-v">struct Employee {
type string
name string
}
employee := Employee{
type: 'FTE'
name: 'John Doe'
}
println(employee.type)
</div>
<h2 id="heap-structs">Heap structs <a href="structs.html#heap-structs" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<p>Structs are allocated on the stack. To allocate a struct on the heap
and get a <a href="references.html">reference</a> to it, use the <code>&</code> prefix:</p>
<div class="language-v">struct Point {
x int
y int
}
p := &Point{10, 10}
// References have the same syntax for accessing fields
println(p.x)
</div>
<p>The type of <code>p</code> is <code>&Point</code>. It's a <a href="references.html">reference</a> to <code>Point</code>.
References are similar to Go pointers and C++ references.</p>
<div class="language-v">struct Foo {
mut:
x int
}
fa := Foo{1}
mut a := fa
a.x = 2
assert fa.x == 1
assert a.x == 2
// fb := Foo{ 1 }
// mut b := &fb // error: `fb` is immutable, cannot have a mutable reference to it
// b.x = 2
mut fc := Foo{1}
mut c := &fc
c.x = 2
assert fc.x == 2
assert c.x == 2
println(fc) // Foo{ x: 2 }
println(c) // &Foo{ x: 2 } // Note `&` prefixed.
</div>
<p>see also <a href="memory-management.html#stack-and-heap">Stack and Heap</a></p>
<h2 id="default-field-values">Default field values <a href="structs.html#default-field-values" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<div class="language-v">struct Foo {
n int // n is 0 by default
s string // s is '' by default
a []int // a is `[]int{}` by default
pos int = -1 // custom default value
}
</div>
<p>All struct fields are zeroed by default during the creation of the struct.
Array and map fields are allocated.
In case of reference value, see <a href="structs-with-reference-fields.html">here</a>.</p>
<p>It's also possible to define custom default values.</p>
<h2 id="required-fields">Required fields <a href="structs.html#required-fields" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<div class="language-v">struct Foo {
n int @[required]
}
</div>
<p>You can mark a struct field with the <code>[required]</code> <a href="attributes.html">attribute</a>, to tell V that
that field must be initialized when creating an instance of that struct.</p>
<p>This example will not compile, since the field <code>n</code> isn't explicitly initialized:</p>
<div class="language-v">_ = Foo{}
</div>
<p><a id='short-struct-initialization-syntax'></a></p>
<h2 id="short-struct-literal-syntax">Short struct literal syntax <a href="structs.html#short-struct-literal-syntax" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<p>Here "short" means omitting the field names and relying on the struct field
order, so <code>Point{10, 20}</code> is a shorter form of <code>Point{x: 10, y: 20}</code>.</p>
<div class="language-v">struct Point {
x int
y int
}
long_form := Point{
x: 30
y: 4
}
short_form := Point{30, 4}
assert short_form == long_form
// Arrays still use `Point{...}` for each element.
// The short part is omitting field names, not the struct type name.
points := [Point{10, 20}, Point{20, 30}, Point{40, 50}]
println(points) // [Point{x: 10, y: 20}, Point{x: 20, y: 30}, Point{x: 40,y: 50}]
</div>
<p>When the expected type is already known, V can also omit the struct name entirely
when returning a struct literal or passing one as a function argument. That is a
separate shorthand from the positional <code>Point{10, 20}</code> syntax above.</p>