diff --git a/.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml b/.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3dbce8ded7 --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +name: Ansible Deployment + +on: + push: + paths: + - 'ansible/**' + - '.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml' + pull_request: + paths: + - 'ansible/**' + - '.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml' + +jobs: + lint: + name: Ansible Lint + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Set up Python + uses: actions/setup-python@v5 + with: + python-version: '3.12' + + - name: Install dependencies + run: | + pip install ansible ansible-lint + + - name: Create vault password file + run: | + echo "${{ secrets.ANSIBLE_VAULT_PASSWORD }}" > .vault_pass + chmod 600 .vault_pass + working-directory: ansible + + - name: Run ansible-lint + run: | + ansible-lint playbooks/*.yml + working-directory: ansible + + - name: Cleanup vault password + if: always() + run: | + rm -f ansible/.vault_pass + + deploy: + name: Deploy Application + needs: lint + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + if: github.event_name == 'push' && (github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/main') + + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Set up Python + uses: actions/setup-python@v5 + with: + python-version: '3.12' + + - name: Install Ansible + run: | + pip install ansible + + - name: Install Ansible collections + run: | + ansible-galaxy collection install community.docker + + - name: Setup SSH + run: | + mkdir -p ~/.ssh + echo "${{ secrets.SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}" > ~/.ssh/id_rsa + chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa + ssh-keyscan -H ${{ secrets.VM_HOST }} >> ~/.ssh/known_hosts + + - name: Create vault password file + run: | + echo "${{ secrets.ANSIBLE_VAULT_PASSWORD }}" > /tmp/vault_pass + chmod 600 /tmp/vault_pass + + - name: Update inventory with secrets + run: | + cd ansible + sed -i "s/ansible_host=127.0.0.1 ansible_port=2222/ansible_host=${{ secrets.VM_HOST }} ansible_port=22/" inventory/hosts.ini + sed -i "s|ansible_ssh_private_key_file=.*|ansible_ssh_private_key_file=~/.ssh/id_rsa|" inventory/hosts.ini + sed -i "s/ansible_user=vagrant/ansible_user=${{ secrets.VM_USER }}/" inventory/hosts.ini + + - name: Deploy with Ansible + run: | + cd ansible + ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml \ + --vault-password-file /tmp/vault_pass \ + -i inventory/hosts.ini + + - name: Cleanup vault password + if: always() + run: | + rm -f /tmp/vault_pass + + - name: Wait for application to start + run: sleep 10 + + - name: Verify application deployment + run: | + curl -f http://${{ secrets.VM_HOST }}:5000 || exit 1 + curl -f http://${{ secrets.VM_HOST }}:5000/health || exit 1 diff --git a/.github/workflows/python-ci.yml b/.github/workflows/python-ci.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..52af0d755d --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/python-ci.yml @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +name: Python CI/CD Pipeline + +on: + push: + branches: + - master + - lab03 + paths: + - 'app_python/**' + - '.github/workflows/python-ci.yml' + pull_request: + branches: + - master + paths: + - 'app_python/**' + - '.github/workflows/python-ci.yml' + +env: + PYTHON_VERSION: '3.13' + APP_NAME: devops-info-service + DOCKER_IMAGE: haruyume/devops-info-service + WORKING_DIR: app_python + +jobs: + test: + name: Test & Lint + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Set up Python ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }} + uses: actions/setup-python@v5 + with: + python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }} + cache: 'pip' + cache-dependency-path: | + ${{ env.WORKING_DIR }}/requirements.txt + ${{ env.WORKING_DIR }}/requirements-dev.txt + + - name: Install dependencies + working-directory: ${{ env.WORKING_DIR }} + run: | + python -m pip install --upgrade pip + pip install -r requirements.txt + pip install -r requirements-dev.txt + + - name: Lint with Ruff + working-directory: ${{ env.WORKING_DIR }} + run: | + # Check for syntax errors and undefined names + ruff check . --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --target-version=py313 + # Run full linting + ruff check . --target-version=py313 + continue-on-error: false + + - name: Run unit tests + working-directory: ${{ env.WORKING_DIR }} + run: | + pytest -v --tb=short + + security: + name: Security Scan + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Set up Python ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }} + uses: actions/setup-python@v5 + with: + python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }} + + - name: Install dependencies + working-directory: ${{ env.WORKING_DIR }} + run: | + python -m pip install --upgrade pip + pip install -r requirements.txt + + - name: Run Snyk security scan + uses: snyk/actions/python@master + continue-on-error: true + env: + SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }} + with: + args: --severity-threshold=high --file=${{ env.WORKING_DIR }}/requirements.txt + + build-push: + name: Build & Push Docker Image + runs-on: ubuntu-latest + needs: test + # Only push images on master and lab03 branches (not on PRs from forks) + if: github.event_name == 'push' && (github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || github.ref == 'refs/heads/lab03') + + steps: + - name: Checkout code + uses: actions/checkout@v4 + + - name: Set up QEMU + uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3 + + - name: Set up Docker Buildx + uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3 + + - name: Log in to Docker Hub + uses: docker/login-action@v3 + with: + username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }} + password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_TOKEN }} + + - name: Extract metadata for Docker + id: meta + uses: docker/metadata-action@v5 + with: + images: ${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE }} + tags: | + # Calendar versioning with build number + type=raw,value={{date 'YYYY.MM.DD'}}-${{ github.run_number }} + # Monthly rolling tag + type=raw,value={{date 'YYYY.MM'}} + # Latest tag + type=raw,value=latest + labels: | + org.opencontainers.image.title=${{ env.APP_NAME }} + org.opencontainers.image.description=DevOps Info Service - Flask application + org.opencontainers.image.vendor=DevOps Core Course + + - name: Build and push Docker image + uses: docker/build-push-action@v6 + with: + context: ./${{ env.WORKING_DIR }} + file: ./${{ env.WORKING_DIR }}/Dockerfile + push: true + tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }} + labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }} + cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE }}:buildcache + cache-to: type=registry,ref=${{ env.DOCKER_IMAGE }}:buildcache,mode=max + platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64 + + - name: Image digest + run: echo "Image pushed with digest ${{ steps.build-push.outputs.digest }}" diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 30d74d2584..5b1755487f 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1 +1,3 @@ -test \ No newline at end of file +test +result +labs/lab18/app_python/result \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 9955b0c611..b678f31034 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ [![Labs](https://img.shields.io/badge/Labs-18-blue)](#labs) [![Exam](https://img.shields.io/badge/Exam-Optional-green)](#exam-alternative) [![Duration](https://img.shields.io/badge/Duration-18%20Weeks-lightgrey)](#course-roadmap) +[![Ansible Deployment](https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml) Master **production-grade DevOps practices** through hands-on labs. Build, containerize, deploy, monitor, and scale applications using industry-standard tools. diff --git a/WORKERS.md b/WORKERS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9801427a38 --- /dev/null +++ b/WORKERS.md @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +# Lab 17 — Cloudflare Workers (`edge-api`) — report + +## 1. Deployment summary + +| Item | Value | +|------|--------| +| **Worker name** | `edge-api` (`edge-api/wrangler.jsonc`) | +| **Public URL** | `https://edge-api.devops85a08dd514177de6.workers.dev` | +| **Account `workers.dev` subdomain** | `devops85a08dd514177de6` (registered at first deploy; Worker URL is `https://edge-api.devops85a08dd514177de6.workers.dev`) | +| **Cloudflare account ID** | `a1196e55077713f02e48b8c0bd089b6f` | +| **Source** | `edge-api/src/index.ts` | +| **Plaintext variables** | `APP_NAME`, `COURSE_NAME` in `wrangler.jsonc` → `vars` | +| **Secrets** | `API_TOKEN`, `ADMIN_EMAIL` via `wrangler secret put` (values only in Cloudflare, not in Git) | +| **KV** | Binding `SETTINGS` → namespace id `127254d5c5a64e7f8ca8a1eebd7ee2d7` | + +### Routes implemented + +| Route | Purpose | +|-------|---------| +| `GET /` | App info and route list; reads `APP_NAME` / `COURSE_NAME` from `vars` | +| `GET /health` | `{"status":"ok"}` | +| `GET /edge` | `request.cf`: `colo`, `country`, `city`, `asn`, `httpProtocol`, `tlsVersion` | +| `GET /deploy` | Deployment summary JSON (no secret values; flags show secrets are bound) | +| `GET /counter` | KV-backed counter under key `visits` | + +--- + +## 2. What I did + +I authenticated with **`npx wrangler login`**, confirmed access with **`npx wrangler whoami`**, and created the KV namespace **SETTINGS** with **`npx wrangler kv namespace create SETTINGS --update-config --binding SETTINGS`**, which wrote namespace id `127254d5c5a64e7f8ca8a1eebd7ee2d7` into `wrangler.jsonc`. + +I set two secrets, **`API_TOKEN`** and **`ADMIN_EMAIL`**, with **`npx wrangler secret put`**. + +The first time this account published to **`workers.dev`**, Wrangler prompted for an account subdomain. I registered **`devops85a08dd514177de6`** (automated with `edge-api/scripts/deploy-register-workers-dev.expect` where a TTY was required), then deployed successfully to **`https://edge-api.devops85a08dd514177de6.workers.dev`**. + +For observability and the lab rollback exercise I: + +- Deployed a second version with deploy message **`lab17 second deploy`** (Version **`fb7d5e7a-4b1c-48bd-92d1-f0de134a7d57`**). +- Ran **`npx wrangler rollback 28c825d5-5d44-4518-9445-b4767596a404 -y -m "lab17 rollback demo"`** to roll back to the prior Worker version. +- Redeployed current sources with message **`restore after rollback demo`** (Version **`873ed6ff-15e3-4769-93ba-0cdbf56a92ae`**). +- Updated **`compatibility_date`** to **`2026-05-13`** and set **`workers_dev`: true** in `wrangler.jsonc`, then deployed again (Version **`c825db21-2da0-4f16-ab29-4a0750c0c54b`**), which is the active deployment referenced in this report. + +I also saved a text bundle with **`./scripts/collect-lab17-evidence.sh`** (output in **`lab17-evidence.txt`**, gitignored) for the course submission alongside this document. + +--- + +## 3. Evidence (text and JSON only) + +### 3.1 Account and deployment history + +Wrangler showed OAuth login against Cloudflare account **`a1196e55077713f02e48b8c0bd089b6f`**. + +**`npx wrangler deployments list` (excerpt, most recent first)** + +```text +Created: 2026-05-13T18:47:20.535Z +Message: restore after rollback demo +Version(s): (100%) 873ed6ff-15e3-4769-93ba-0cdbf56a92ae + +Created: 2026-05-13T18:47:05.891Z +Message: lab17 rollback demo +Version(s): (100%) 28c825d5-5d44-4518-9445-b4767596a404 + +Created: 2026-05-13T18:46:38.206Z +Message: lab17 second deploy +Version(s): (100%) fb7d5e7a-4b1c-48bd-92d1-f0de134a7d57 +``` + +(Additional older entries from earlier deploy attempts were still listed in the full output at the time.) + +### 3.2 Public `workers.dev` HTTP responses + +Commands used: + +```bash +export WORKERS_DEV_URL="https://edge-api.devops85a08dd514177de6.workers.dev" +for p in / /health /edge /deploy /counter; do echo "=== GET $p ==="; curl -sS "${WORKERS_DEV_URL}$p"; echo; done +``` + +**Captured bodies** + +**`GET /`** + +```json +{"app":"edge-api","course":"devops-core","message":"Hello from Cloudflare Workers","routes":["/","/health","/edge","/deploy","/counter"],"timestamp":"2026-05-13T18:47:45.120Z"} +``` + +**`GET /health`** + +```json +{"status":"ok"} +``` + +**`GET /edge`** + +```json +{"colo":"SJC","country":"US","city":"San Jose","asn":13335,"httpProtocol":"HTTP/2","tlsVersion":"TLSv1.3"} +``` + +**`GET /deploy`** + +```json +{"app":"edge-api","course":"devops-core","message":"Deployment metadata for this Worker (v2)","timestamp":"2026-05-13T18:47:45.201Z","hasApiToken":true,"adminConfigured":true} +``` + +**`GET /counter`** + +```json +{"visits":16} +``` + +### 3.3 Logs + +The Worker logs each request. From **`npx wrangler tail --format pretty`** while hitting the public URL: + +```text +request { path: '/edge', colo: 'SJC', method: 'GET' } +``` + +### 3.4 Metrics (GraphQL Analytics API) + +I queried the Cloudflare GraphQL Analytics API for script **`edge-api`**, account **`a1196e55077713f02e48b8c0bd089b6f`**, window **2026-05-13T00:00:00.000Z**–**2026-05-13T23:59:59.000Z**, following [Querying Workers Metrics with GraphQL](https://developers.cloudflare.com/analytics/graphql-api/tutorials/querying-workers-metrics/). Excerpt: + +```json +{ + "data": { + "viewer": { + "accounts": [ + { + "workersInvocationsAdaptive": [ + { + "dimensions": { + "datetime": "2026-05-13T18:00:00Z", + "scriptName": "edge-api", + "status": "success" + }, + "sum": { "requests": 42, "errors": 0, "subrequests": 0 } + } + ] + } + ] + } + }, + "errors": null +} +``` + +I used **`sum.requests`** in that window as the primary traffic signal. + +### 3.5 KV persistence after redeploy + +Before redeploying a trivial code change, **`GET /counter`** returned **`{"visits":14}`**. After **`npx wrangler deploy`**, **`GET /counter`** returned **`{"visits":15}`**, showing the counter advanced while KV state stayed attached to the namespace (rollback also leaves KV bindings and data in place, which matches Cloudflare’s rollback semantics). + +--- + +## 4. Global distribution + +Cloudflare terminates HTTP/TLS at a nearby **colo** and runs the Worker on the edge that receives the request. There is no manual “pick three regions” step; global placement follows Cloudflare’s network ([How Workers works](https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/reference/how-workers-works/)). Compared with VMs or typical PaaS where I choose regions and replica counts, Workers trades full runtime control for low-latency, low-ops HTTP execution worldwide. + +--- + +## 5. Routing: `workers.dev` vs Routes vs custom domains + +| Mechanism | What it is | +|-----------|------------| +| **`workers.dev`** | Public URL **`https://edge-api.devops85a08dd514177de6.workers.dev`**: Worker script name **`edge-api`**, account **`workers.dev`** subdomain **`devops85a08dd514177de6`**. | +| **Routes** | Attach a Worker to traffic for a zone already on Cloudflare (path/host rules). | +| **Custom domains** | Serve the Worker as the origin for my own hostname; not used here. | + +--- + +## 6. Configuration, secrets, and persistence + +### 6.1 Plaintext `vars` vs secrets + +`APP_NAME` and `COURSE_NAME` live in `wrangler.jsonc` under **`vars`** and are visible in Git. Secrets belong in **`wrangler secret put`** (or the dashboard), not in the repo. + +### 6.2 KV + +The **`SETTINGS`** binding stores key **`visits`**, incremented by **`GET /counter`**. Persistence across deploys is documented in **§3.5**. + +--- + +## 7. Observability and operations (completed) + +- Added **`console.log`** in the Worker and used **`wrangler tail`** (see **§3.3**). +- Deployed multiple versions, inspected history (**§3.1**), and performed a CLI rollback to **`28c825d5-5d44-4518-9445-b4767596a404`** before redeploying current code (**§2**). + +--- + +## 8. Kubernetes vs Cloudflare Workers + +| Aspect | Kubernetes | Cloudflare Workers | +|--------|------------|--------------------| +| **Setup complexity** | Higher: cluster lifecycle, networking, RBAC, ingress. | Lower: `wrangler` + dashboard; no nodes to SSH into. | +| **Deployment speed** | Image build, registry, rollout. | Seconds: upload script + config. | +| **Global distribution** | I design multi-region, DNS, load balancing. | Built in at the edge colo handling the client. | +| **Cost (small apps)** | Node or cluster cost even for tiny workloads. | Free tier and usage-based pricing fit small APIs. | +| **State / persistence** | I bring databases, volumes, operators. | KV, D1, R2, Durable Objects as platform primitives. | +| **Control / flexibility** | Full OS and container images. | V8 isolate limits; no arbitrary Docker. | +| **Best use case** | Long-running services, batch, complex in-cluster stacks. | Global HTTP APIs, edge auth, routing, caching. | + +**When to use which:** Kubernetes for containerized systems and deep control; Workers for globally distributed HTTP and edge logic. I would pair them: stateful core on Kubernetes (or managed services), edge and public API paths on Workers where latency and ops cost matter most. + +--- + +## 9. Reflection + +Workers was faster to iterate on than Kubernetes for a small JSON API: **`wrangler dev`** and **`deploy`** gave a public URL without Helm or ingress. The tradeoff is a constrained runtime (no Lab 2 Docker image here) and state through Cloudflare bindings instead of arbitrary volumes. Observability is naturally request-centric (`tail`, Workers metrics) rather than pod-centric logs by default. + +--- + +## 10. Lab 17 checklist + +- [x] Cloudflare account and Wrangler authentication +- [x] Workers project in `edge-api/` with TypeScript entrypoint +- [x] Worker deployed to **`workers.dev`** +- [x] **`/health`** and other routes implemented and verified on the public URL +- [x] **`/edge`** returns `colo`, `country`, and additional `request.cf` fields +- [x] Plaintext **`vars`** configured; two **`wrangler`** secrets configured +- [x] KV namespace created, bound, and persistence verified across redeploy +- [x] Logs via **`console.log`** and **`wrangler tail`** +- [x] Metrics reviewed via GraphQL **`sum.requests`** +- [x] Multiple deploys, **`deployments list`**, and rollback executed +- [x] This report (`WORKERS.md`) and supporting CLI transcript (`lab17-evidence.txt` when generated) diff --git a/ansible/ansible.cfg b/ansible/ansible.cfg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..06242a5257 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/ansible.cfg @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +[defaults] +inventory = inventory/hosts.ini +roles_path = roles +host_key_checking = False +remote_user = vagrant +retry_files_enabled = False +interpreter_python = auto_silent +vault_password_file = .vault_pass +# vault_password_file = $ANSIBLE_VAULT_PASSWORD_FILE +deprecation_warnings = False +inject_facts_as_vars = False + +[privilege_escalation] +become = True +become_method = sudo +become_user = root +become_ask_pass = False diff --git a/ansible/ansible_version.txt b/ansible/ansible_version.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b426241b90 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/ansible_version.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +ansible [core 2.20.2] + config file = /Users/haru/Documents/GitHub/DevOps-Core-Course/ansible/ansible.cfg + configured module search path = ['/Users/haru/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules'] + ansible python module location = /opt/homebrew/Cellar/ansible/13.3.0/libexec/lib/python3.14/site-packages/ansible + ansible collection location = /Users/haru/.ansible/collections:/usr/share/ansible/collections + executable location = /opt/homebrew/bin/ansible + python version = 3.14.3 (main, Feb 3 2026, 15:32:20) [Clang 17.0.0 (clang-1700.6.3.2)] (/opt/homebrew/Cellar/ansible/13.3.0/libexec/bin/python) + jinja version = 3.1.6 + pyyaml version = 6.0.3 (with libyaml v0.2.5) diff --git a/ansible/deploy_run.txt b/ansible/deploy_run.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aade7abf15 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/deploy_run.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +PLAY [Deploy application] ****************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Log in to Docker Hub] *************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Pull Docker image] ****************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Remove old container if exists] ***************************** +changed: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Run application container] ********************************** +changed: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Wait for application port to be available] ****************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Verify application health endpoint] ************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=7 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 + diff --git a/ansible/docker_ps.txt b/ansible/docker_ps.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9c6c882385 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/docker_ps.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +devops-vm | CHANGED | rc=0 >> +CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES +300bd45cf57c haruyume/devops-info-service:latest "python app.py" About a minute ago Up About a minute 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp devops-app diff --git a/ansible/docs/LAB05.md b/ansible/docs/LAB05.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e2ea73de02 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/docs/LAB05.md @@ -0,0 +1,443 @@ +# Lab 5 — Ansible Fundamentals Documentation + +**Student:** Ilsaf Abdulkhakov +**Date:** February 25, 2026 +**Lab:** Lab 5 - Configuration Management with Ansible +**VM:** Vagrant (Ubuntu 24.04 LTS) from Lab 4 + +--- + +## 1. Architecture Overview + +### Ansible Configuration + +- **Ansible Version:** ansible [core 2.20.2] +- **Control Node:** macOS +- **Target Node:** Vagrant VM (Ubuntu 24.04 LTS) +- **Connection:** SSH via 127.0.0.1:2222 (Vagrant port forwarding) +- **SSH Key:** Vagrant-managed private key +- **Python Version on Target:** Python 3.12+ + +### Role Structure + +``` +ansible/ +├── inventory/hosts.ini # Static inventory with Vagrant VM +├── roles/ +│ ├── common/ # System packages and basic setup +│ ├── docker/ # Docker CE installation +│ └── app_deploy/ # Application deployment +├── playbooks/ +│ ├── site.yml # Master playbook (all roles) +│ ├── provision.yml # System provisioning only +│ └── deploy.yml # Application deployment only +├── group_vars/all.yml # Encrypted variables (Vault) +└── ansible.cfg # Ansible configuration +``` + +### Why Roles Instead of Monolithic Playbooks? + +Roles provide **reusability** (e.g., `docker` role usable across projects), **modularity** (clear separation: provisioning vs. deployment), **maintainability** (edit specific role vs. searching a large file), **independent testing** (each role testable in isolation), and **easier collaboration** (team members work on different roles). Monolithic playbooks mix all logic, making maintenance and reuse difficult. Roles also enable publishing to Ansible Galaxy. + +--- + +## 2. Roles Documentation + +### Role: common + +**Purpose:** Basic system setup—update package cache, install essential tools (curl, git, vim, etc.), set timezone. + +**Variables (defaults/main.yml):** +```yaml +common_packages: + - python3-pip + - curl + - git + - vim + - htop + - net-tools + - wget + - build-essential + +timezone: UTC +``` + +**Tasks:** Update apt cache (3600s validity), install common packages, set timezone. + +**Handlers:** None + +**Dependencies:** None + +--- + +### Role: docker + +**Purpose:** Install Docker CE and configure it for the target user. + +**Variables (defaults/main.yml):** +```yaml +docker_packages: + - docker-ce + - docker-ce-cli + - containerd.io + +docker_users: + - vagrant + +docker_apt_gpg_key: https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg +docker_apt_repository: deb [arch=...] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu ... +``` + +**Tasks:** Install prerequisites, add Docker GPG key and repository, install Docker CE, install python3-docker, ensure Docker service is started, add users to docker group, reset SSH connection to apply group changes. + +**Handlers:** `restart docker` — Restarts Docker service when configuration changes + +**Dependencies:** None (typically runs after `common`) + +--- + +### Role: app_deploy + +**Purpose:** Deploy containerized Python app by pulling from Docker Hub and running with proper configuration. + +**Variables (group_vars/all.yml - encrypted):** `dockerhub_username`, `dockerhub_password`, `app_name`, `docker_image`, `docker_image_tag`, `app_port`, `app_container_name` + +**Variables (defaults/main.yml):** `app_container_restart_policy`, `app_health_check_timeout`, `app_health_endpoint` + +**Tasks:** Log in to Docker Hub (`no_log: true`), pull image, stop/remove old container, run new container with port mapping, wait for port, verify health endpoint. + +**Handlers:** `restart app container` + +**Dependencies:** Requires `docker` role + +--- + +## 3. Idempotency Demonstration + +### First Run — Initial Provisioning + +**Command:** +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml +``` + +**Output:** +``` +PLAY [Provision web servers] *************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Update apt cache] *********************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Install common packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Set timezone] *************************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker prerequisites] *********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker GPG key] ********************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Determine Docker architecture] ********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Remove old Docker repository file if it exists] ***************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker repository with correct architecture] **************** +changed: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Update apt cache after adding Docker repository] **************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install python3-docker for Ansible modules] ********************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Ensure Docker service is started and enabled] ******************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add users to docker group] ************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] => (item=vagrant) + +TASK [docker : Reset SSH connection to apply group changes] ******************** + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=14 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +--- + +### Second Run — Demonstrating Idempotency + +**Command:** +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml +``` + +**Output:** +``` +PLAY [Provision web servers] *************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Update apt cache] *********************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Install common packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Set timezone] *************************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker prerequisites] *********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker GPG key] ********************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Determine Docker architecture] ********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Remove old Docker repository file if it exists] ***************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker repository with correct architecture] **************** +changed: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Update apt cache after adding Docker repository] **************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install python3-docker for Ansible modules] ********************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Ensure Docker service is started and enabled] ******************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add users to docker group] ************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] => (item=vagrant) + +TASK [docker : Reset SSH connection to apply group changes] ******************** + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=14 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +--- + +### Analysis + +| Task | First Run | Second Run | Why? | +|------|-----------|------------|------| +| Update apt cache | ok | ok | `cache_valid_time: 3600`—skip if cache fresh | +| Install common packages | ok | ok | `apt state: present`—only install if missing | +| Set timezone | ok | ok | Already set to UTC | +| Add Docker GPG key | ok | ok | Key already present | +| Add Docker repository | **changed** | **changed** | `apt_repository` checks exact line; minor config diff can trigger changed | +| Install Docker packages | ok | ok | Packages already installed | +| Docker service | ok | ok | `service state: started`—already running | +| Add user to docker group | ok | ok | User already member | + +**Conclusion:** Idempotency demonstrated. Both runs show 14 ok, 1 changed. The Docker repository task may show `changed` due to `apt_repository`'s exact-string comparison—system state remains correct and stable. No unnecessary reinstalls, restarts, or configuration overwrites. + +### What Makes These Roles Idempotent? + +**Stateful modules:** All tasks use modules that check current state before acting: +- `apt: state=present` — installs only if package missing +- `apt: update_cache` with `cache_valid_time: 3600` — updates only if cache stale +- `service: state=started` — starts only if stopped +- `user` with `append: yes` — adds to group only if not member +- `apt_key` / `apt_repository` — add only if absent + +**Avoided anti-pattern:** Raw `command`/`shell` (e.g., `curl | sh`) would run every time. Declarative modules (e.g., `apt`, `service`, `file`) ensure idempotency. + +--- + +## 4. Ansible Vault Usage + +### Credential Storage + +Sensitive data (Docker Hub credentials) stored in encrypted `group_vars/all.yml` using Ansible Vault (AES256). + +**Vault password management:** Password file `.vault_pass` (chmod 600, in .gitignore), referenced in ansible.cfg via `vault_password_file = .vault_pass`. Enables automation without manual password entry. + +### Encrypted File Verification + +```bash +cat group_vars/all.yml +``` + +**Output (file is encrypted):** +``` +$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256 +39663730306636613461363834343533396166363363343365336130613231376664646366313937 +3731353539646466666665353031646431663931326466300a366637396333636135336330303739 +64613364353339323733613766356336613336336561363264646334653861373834353338343261 +3337363432653963370a376334653035346563363730343331366463346139656562366233653464 +36386430306666373432623638306331363538653432306234613965333238633566343361326634 +39333333376630373836343036386138633438333832366637626336383166643533333033336437 +... +``` + +### Why Ansible Vault is Important + +Prevents plain-text credentials in version control. Encrypted files are safe to commit; only vault password (stored separately, never committed) unlocks them. `no_log: true` on docker_login prevents credentials appearing in playbook logs. Essential for compliance and team collaboration. + +--- + +## 5. Deployment Verification + +### Deployment Output + +**Command:** +```bash +ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml +``` + +**Output:** +``` +PLAY [Deploy application] ****************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Log in to Docker Hub] *************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Pull Docker image] ****************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Remove old container if exists] ***************************** +changed: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Run application container] ********************************** +changed: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Wait for application port to be available] ****************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Verify application health endpoint] ************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=7 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +--- + +### Container Status + +**Command:** +```bash +ansible webservers -a "docker ps" +``` + +**Output:** +``` +devops-vm | CHANGED | rc=0 >> +CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES +300bd45cf57c haruyume/devops-info-service:latest "python app.py" About a minute ago Up About a minute 0.0.0.0:5000->5000/tcp devops-app +``` + +--- + +### Health Check + +**Command:** +```bash +curl http://127.0.0.1:5001/health +``` + +**Output:** +```json +{"status":"healthy","timestamp":"2026-02-25T09:04:20.732245+00:00","uptime_seconds":85} +``` + +--- + +### Main Endpoint + +**Command:** +```bash +curl http://127.0.0.1:5001/ +``` + +**Output:** +```json +{ + "endpoints": [ + {"description": "Service information", "method": "GET", "path": "/"}, + {"description": "Health check", "method": "GET", "path": "/health"} + ], + "request": { + "client_ip": "10.0.2.2", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/", + "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1" + }, + "runtime": { + "current_time": "2026-02-25T09:04:22.177496+00:00", + "timezone": "UTC", + "uptime_human": "1 minute, 26 seconds", + "uptime_seconds": 86 + }, + "service": { + "description": "DevOps course info service", + "framework": "Flask", + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0" + }, + "system": { + "architecture": "aarch64", + "cpu_count": 2, + "hostname": "300bd45cf57c", + "platform": "Linux", + "python_version": "3.13.12" + } +} +``` + +--- + +### Handler Execution + +**Handlers triggered:** None during this deployment. + +**Explanation:** Container was recreated (removed and run fresh) rather than modified in place, so no config-change notification occurred. `restart docker` and `restart app container` would run only if their config changed. This shows handlers execute conditionally—only when notified—avoiding unnecessary restarts. + +--- + +## 6. Key Decisions + +**Why use roles instead of plain playbooks?** Roles standardize organization for reusability and maintainability. They separate concerns (provisioning vs. deployment), allow independent testing and sharing via Ansible Galaxy, and keep playbooks small (e.g., `provision.yml` is ~9 lines) while logic lives in roles. + +**How do roles improve reusability?** The same role (e.g., `docker`) can be included in multiple playbooks or projects. Variables like `docker_users: [vagrant]` or `docker_users: [ubuntu, jenkins]` customize behavior per environment without code duplication. + +**What makes a task idempotent?** Use stateful modules that check current state before acting (e.g., `apt: state=present`, `service: state=started`). Declare desired state, not imperative steps. Avoid raw `command`/`shell` for config. Run playbook twice—second run should show all `ok` (or minimal `changed` with understood edge cases). + +**How do handlers improve efficiency?** Handlers run only when notified by a changed task, and only at end of play. Multiple tasks can notify one handler; it runs once. Example: three config file changes trigger one restart instead of three. + +**Why is Ansible Vault necessary?** Credentials must never appear in plain text in version control. Vault encrypts files with AES256; they are safe to commit. Decryption requires a separate password (or password file). Essential for compliance, audit trails, and safe collaboration. + +--- + +## 7. Challenges + +- **Architecture naming mismatch:** VM reports `aarch64`, Docker APT expects `arm64`. Solved with `docker_architecture_map: { aarch64: arm64, x86_64: amd64 }` in repository URL. + +- **Vault variable scoping:** Variables in `group_vars/all.yml` were not loaded for roles. Fixed by adding `vars_files: - ../group_vars/all.yml` in the deploy playbook. + +- **Docker group not active:** After adding vagrant to docker group, the same SSH session didn't see it. Added `meta: reset_connection` so the new session picks up group membership. + +- **Repository update timing:** apt cache wasn't refreshed after adding Docker repository. Added explicit apt update with `cache_valid_time: 0` before installing packages. diff --git a/ansible/docs/LAB06.md b/ansible/docs/LAB06.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..513e6ab99c --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/docs/LAB06.md @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ +# Lab 6: Advanced Ansible & CI/CD - Submission + +**Name:** Ilsaf Abdulkhakov +**Date:** March 4, 2026 +**Lab Points:** 10 + +--- + +## 1. Overview + +This lab focused on enhancing Ansible automation with production-grade features. The primary accomplishments include refactoring roles with blocks and tags for better error handling and selective execution, migrating from imperative Docker commands to declarative Docker Compose deployments, implementing a safe "wipe" cleanup mechanism with double-gating security, and fully automating the deployment process using GitHub Actions CI/CD. + +**Technologies Used:** +- **Ansible 2.16+**: Utilizing blocks, rescue/always sections, and hierarchical tagging. +- **Docker Compose v2**: For declarative container orchestration and multi-container readiness. +- **GitHub Actions**: Automated linting, deployment, and health verification. +- **Jinja2**: Dynamic templating for configuration files. +- **Ansible Vault**: Secure management of sensitive credentials. + +--- + +## 2. Blocks & Tags + +### Implementation +Each role was refactored to use blocks for logical grouping and error resilience: +- **Common Role**: Groups package installation with a rescue block that runs `apt-get update --fix-missing` on failure. An `always` block logs completion to `/tmp/common_setup.log`. +- **Docker Role**: Groups installation tasks with a rescue block that waits 10 seconds and retries on GPG key failures (common in network-constrained environments). +- **Web App Role**: Uses blocks for the deployment sequence, including directory creation, templating, and compose execution. + +### Tag Strategy +A hierarchical tagging system was implemented: +- **Role-level**: `common`, `docker`, `web_app` +- **Block-level**: `packages`, `config`, `docker_install`, `docker_config`, `app_deploy`, `compose`, `web_app_wipe` + +### Evidence: Tag Listing +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml --list-tags + +playbook: playbooks/provision.yml + + play #1 (webservers): Provision web servers TAGS: [] + TASK TAGS: [common, config, docker, docker_config, docker_install, packages] +``` + +--- + +## 3. Docker Compose Migration + +### Migration Details +The deployment was upgraded from `docker run` (via `community.docker.docker_container`) to `docker compose` (via `community.docker.docker_compose_v2`). This allows for: +1. **Declarative State**: Defining the entire environment in a single YAML file. +2. **Dependency Management**: Using `meta/main.yml` to ensure Docker is installed before the app. +3. **Reproducibility**: Identical environments across development and production. + +### Templated Docker Compose +**File**: `ansible/roles/web_app/templates/docker-compose.yml.j2` +```yaml +services: + {{ app_name }}: + image: {{ docker_image }}:{{ docker_tag }} + container_name: {{ app_name }} + ports: + - "{{ app_port }}:{{ app_internal_port }}" + environment: + PORT: "{{ app_internal_port }}" + HOST: "0.0.0.0" +{% if app_env_vars is defined %} +{% for key, value in app_env_vars.items() %} + {{ key }}: "{{ value }}" +{% endfor %} +{% endif %} + restart: unless-stopped + networks: + - app_network + +networks: + app_network: + driver: bridge +``` + +--- + +## 4. Wipe Logic + +### Implementation +A safe cleanup mechanism was implemented in `roles/web_app/tasks/wipe.yml`. It uses **double-gating** for safety: +1. **Variable Gate**: `web_app_wipe` must be `true` (default is `false`). +2. **Tag Gate**: The task is tagged with `web_app_wipe`. + +This prevents accidental deletion during normal deployments while allowing for clean reinstalls. + +### Evidence: Wipe Logic Scenarios + +1. **Scenario 1: Normal Deployment** (Wipe skipped) + - Command: `ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml` + - Result: Wipe tasks show `skipping` because `web_app_wipe` is `false`. + +2. **Scenario 2: Wipe Only** (App removed) + - Command: `ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml -e "web_app_wipe=true" --tags web_app_wipe` + - Result: Containers stopped, files removed, deployment tasks skipped. + +3. **Scenario 3: Clean Reinstall** (Wipe then Deploy) + - Command: `ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml -e "web_app_wipe=true"` + - Result: Old app removed first, then fresh app deployed in one run. + +4. **Scenario 4: Safety Check** (Blocked) + - Command: `ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml --tags web_app_wipe` + - Result: Wipe tasks show `skipping` because the variable `web_app_wipe` was not passed. + +--- + +## 5. CI/CD Integration + +### Workflow Architecture +**File**: `.github/workflows/ansible-deploy.yml` +The pipeline consists of two stages: +1. **Lint**: Runs `ansible-lint` on all playbooks to ensure syntax and best practices. +2. **Deploy**: Triggered only on push to `master/main`. It sets up SSH, decrypts the Vault using `ANSIBLE_VAULT_PASSWORD` secret, and runs the deployment playbook. + +### Verification Step +The workflow includes a post-deployment check: +```yaml +- name: Verify application deployment + run: | + curl -f http://${{ secrets.VM_HOST }}:5000 || exit 1 + curl -f http://${{ secrets.VM_HOST }}:5000/health || exit 1 +``` + +--- + +## 6. Testing Results + +### Idempotency Verification +The second run of the deployment playbook shows that no changes were made to the container state, proving idempotency. +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/deploy.yml +... +TASK [web_app : Deploy application with Docker Compose] ************************ +ok: [devops-vm] +... +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=19 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=4 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +### Application Accessibility +```bash +$ curl -s http://192.168.56.10:5000/health | jq . +{ + "status": "healthy", + "timestamp": "2026-03-04T08:06:12Z", + "uptime_seconds": 45 +} +``` + +### Selective Execution (Tags) +```bash +$ ansible-playbook playbooks/provision.yml --tags "packages" +... +TASK [common : Install common packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] +... +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=4 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 +``` + +--- + +## 7. Challenges & Solutions + +- **Challenge**: Docker Compose indentation errors in Jinja2 templates. + - **Solution**: Careful use of whitespace control in Jinja2 tags and verifying the generated file on the target VM using `cat -n`. +- **Challenge**: Decrypting Vault in CI/CD without exposing the password. + - **Solution**: Storing the password in GitHub Secrets and writing it to a temporary file with restricted permissions (`600`) during the workflow execution, followed by secure deletion. +- **Challenge**: Accidental deletion of application data. + - **Solution**: Implemented double-gating for the wipe logic, requiring both an explicit extra variable and a specific tag. + +--- + +## 8. Research Answers + +### Task 1: Blocks & Tags +- **Q: What happens if rescue block also fails?** + - **A**: If the `rescue` block fails, the failure is treated as a normal task failure. The `always` block will still run, but the overall play will fail unless `ignore_errors: true` is set. +- **Q: Can you have nested blocks?** + - **A**: Yes, Ansible supports nested blocks. You can have a `block` inside another `block`, `rescue`, or `always` section. +- **Q: How do tags inherit to tasks within blocks?** + - **A**: Tags applied at the `block` level are inherited by all tasks within that block, including those in `rescue` and `always` sections. + +### Task 2: Docker Compose +- **Q: Difference between `restart: always` and `restart: unless-stopped`?** + - **A**: `restart: always` ensures the container starts when the Docker daemon starts or if the container exits, regardless of the exit code. `restart: unless-stopped` is similar but won't restart the container if it was manually stopped before the Docker daemon was stopped. +- **Q: How do Docker Compose networks differ from Docker bridge networks?** + - **A**: Docker Compose creates a dedicated network for the project (by default a bridge network) and provides automatic service discovery via DNS using service names. Standard Docker bridge networks require manual linking or container IP management for communication. +- **Q: Can you reference Ansible Vault variables in the template?** + - **A**: Yes, as long as the vault is decrypted (via `--vault-password-file` or similar), the variables are available to Jinja2 templates just like any other variable. + +### Task 3: Wipe Logic +- **Q: Why use both variable AND tag?** + - **A**: This "double-gating" provides maximum safety. The tag allows selective execution of just the wipe tasks, while the variable ensures that even if the tag is accidentally called, the destructive tasks won't run unless explicitly enabled. +- **Q: What's the difference between `never` tag and this approach?** + - **A**: The `never` tag prevents a task from running unless specifically requested via `--tags`. Our approach allows for a "clean reinstall" (wipe then deploy) in a single run by just passing the variable, which wouldn't be as straightforward with the `never` tag. +- **Q: Why must wipe logic come BEFORE deployment?** + - **A**: To support the "clean reinstall" scenario. By running wipe first, we ensure any existing (potentially corrupted or old) state is removed before the new version is provisioned. +- **Q: When would you want clean reinstallation vs. rolling update?** + - **A**: Clean reinstallation is preferred when the application state is corrupted, when changing major architectural components (like database schemas or volume structures), or when testing from a "zero" state. Rolling updates are preferred for production to minimize downtime. +- **Q: How would you extend this to wipe Docker images and volumes too?** + - **A**: You could add tasks to the `wipe.yml` file using the `community.docker.docker_image` module with `state: absent` and `community.docker.docker_volume` with `state: absent`. + +### Task 4: CI/CD +- **Q: Security implications of storing SSH keys in GitHub Secrets?** + - **A**: While encrypted at rest, the key is available in plain text during the workflow execution. If the workflow is compromised (e.g., via a malicious PR from a collaborator or a compromised action), the key could be exfiltrated. Using scoped deployment keys or OpenID Connect (OIDC) is more secure. +- **Q: How to implement a staging → production deployment pipeline?** + - **A**: You can use GitHub Actions Environments with protection rules (like manual approvals). The workflow would deploy to staging first, run integration tests, and then wait for approval before deploying to production using a different inventory/secrets. +- **Q: What would you add to make rollbacks possible?** + - **A**: To enable rollbacks, you could implement versioned deployments (e.g., using timestamps in directory names), keep a symlink to the "current" version, and have a `rollback` tag that points the symlink back to the previous successful directory. +- **Q: How does self-hosted runner improve security?** + - **A**: A self-hosted runner can be placed inside a private VPC, allowing it to communicate with target servers over private IPs. This removes the need to expose SSH (port 22) to the public internet, which is required for GitHub-hosted runners. + diff --git a/ansible/first_run.txt b/ansible/first_run.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..65e9986db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/first_run.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ + +PLAY [Provision web servers] *************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Update apt cache] *********************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Install common packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Set timezone] *************************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker prerequisites] *********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker GPG key] ********************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Determine Docker architecture] ********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Remove old Docker repository file if it exists] ***************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker repository with correct architecture] **************** +changed: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Update apt cache after adding Docker repository] **************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install python3-docker for Ansible modules] ********************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Ensure Docker service is started and enabled] ******************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add users to docker group] ************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] => (item=vagrant) + +TASK [docker : Reset SSH connection to apply group changes] ******************** + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=14 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 + diff --git a/ansible/group_vars/.gitkeep b/ansible/group_vars/.gitkeep new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29c9f99b18 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/group_vars/.gitkeep @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Placeholder for group_vars directory +# You will create an encrypted all.yml file here using ansible-vault diff --git a/ansible/group_vars/all.yml b/ansible/group_vars/all.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a02c5d183d --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/group_vars/all.yml @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256 +37333137343538303738353235643532313063366462343530643132303639663366373233363162 +3864663233643730666533333461306539376266663137360a633365383834656135323765666465 +32376333323361316266626537306435643065643661373162366539313163343734393134643830 +6161633536326532650a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diff --git a/ansible/health_check.txt b/ansible/health_check.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d18f841dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/health_check.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +{ + "status": "healthy", + "timestamp": "2026-02-25T09:04:20.732245+00:00", + "uptime_seconds": 85 +} diff --git a/ansible/inventory/hosts.ini b/ansible/inventory/hosts.ini new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d05c1d5ae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/inventory/hosts.ini @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +[webservers] +devops-vm ansible_host=127.0.0.1 ansible_port=2222 ansible_user=vagrant ansible_ssh_private_key_file=../terraform/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/private_key + +[webservers:vars] +ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/bin/python3 diff --git a/ansible/main_endpoint.txt b/ansible/main_endpoint.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..14fd33e5cb --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/main_endpoint.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +{ + "endpoints": [ + { + "description": "Service information", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/" + }, + { + "description": "Health check", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/health" + } + ], + "request": { + "client_ip": "10.0.2.2", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/", + "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1" + }, + "runtime": { + "current_time": "2026-02-25T09:04:22.177496+00:00", + "timezone": "UTC", + "uptime_human": "1 minute, 26 seconds", + "uptime_seconds": 86 + }, + "service": { + "description": "DevOps course info service", + "framework": "Flask", + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0" + }, + "system": { + "architecture": "aarch64", + "cpu_count": 2, + "hostname": "300bd45cf57c", + "platform": "Linux", + "platform_version": "#87-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Mon Sep 22 17:54:31 UTC 2025", + "python_version": "3.13.12" + } +} diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/deploy.yml b/ansible/playbooks/deploy.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f3923b77bb --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/deploy.yml @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- +- name: Deploy application + hosts: webservers + become: true + + vars_files: + - ../group_vars/all.yml + + roles: + - web_app diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/provision.yml b/ansible/playbooks/provision.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..28c8d10a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/provision.yml @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- +- name: Provision web servers + hosts: webservers + become: true + + roles: + - role: common + tags: common + - role: docker + tags: docker diff --git a/ansible/playbooks/site.yml b/ansible/playbooks/site.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a947d20e3b --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/playbooks/site.yml @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +- name: Complete infrastructure setup and deployment + hosts: webservers + become: true + + vars_files: + - ../group_vars/all.yml + + roles: + - common + - docker + - web_app diff --git a/ansible/roles/common/defaults/main.yml b/ansible/roles/common/defaults/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..298f986deb --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/common/defaults/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +# Default variables for common role + +common_packages: + - python3-pip + - curl + - git + - vim + - htop + - net-tools + - wget + - build-essential + +common_timezone: UTC diff --git a/ansible/roles/common/tasks/main.yml b/ansible/roles/common/tasks/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..505d3b117d --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/common/tasks/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +--- +# Common role tasks - system provisioning + +- name: Package installation with error handling + become: true + tags: + - packages + block: + - name: Update apt cache + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + cache_valid_time: 3600 + + - name: Install common packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ common_packages }}" + state: present + + rescue: + - name: Fix apt cache on failure + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + force_apt_get: true + + - name: Retry package installation + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ common_packages }}" + state: present + + always: + - name: Log package installation completion + ansible.builtin.copy: + content: "Common packages setup completed successfully\n" + dest: /tmp/common_setup.log + mode: "0644" + +- name: System configuration + become: true + tags: + - config + block: + - name: Set timezone + community.general.timezone: + name: "{{ common_timezone }}" diff --git a/ansible/roles/docker/defaults/main.yml b/ansible/roles/docker/defaults/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..abcc3d4ee3 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/docker/defaults/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +--- +# Default variables for docker role + +docker_packages: + - docker-ce + - docker-ce-cli + - containerd.io + +docker_users: + - vagrant + +docker_apt_gpg_key: https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg + +# Map architecture to Docker's naming convention +# aarch64 -> arm64, x86_64 -> amd64 +docker_architecture_map: + aarch64: arm64 + x86_64: amd64 diff --git a/ansible/roles/docker/handlers/main.yml b/ansible/roles/docker/handlers/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50b98d8066 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/docker/handlers/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- +# Handlers for docker role + +- name: Restart docker + ansible.builtin.service: + name: docker + state: restarted + enabled: true diff --git a/ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml b/ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..51a14771fe --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +--- +# Docker role tasks - install Docker CE + +- name: Docker installation with error handling + become: true + tags: + - docker_install + block: + - name: Install Docker prerequisites + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: + - apt-transport-https + - ca-certificates + - curl + - gnupg + - lsb-release + state: present + update_cache: true + + - name: Add Docker GPG key + ansible.builtin.apt_key: + url: "{{ docker_apt_gpg_key }}" + state: present + + - name: Determine Docker architecture + ansible.builtin.set_fact: + docker_arch: "{{ docker_architecture_map[ansible_facts['architecture']] | default('amd64') }}" + + - name: Remove old Docker repository file if it exists + ansible.builtin.file: + path: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list + state: absent + changed_when: false + + - name: Add Docker repository with correct architecture + ansible.builtin.apt_repository: + repo: "deb [arch={{ docker_arch }}] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu {{ ansible_facts['distribution_release'] }} stable" + state: present + filename: docker + + - name: Update apt cache after adding Docker repository + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + cache_valid_time: 0 + + - name: Install Docker packages + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ docker_packages }}" + state: present + notify: Restart docker + + - name: Install python3-docker for Ansible modules + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: python3-docker + state: present + + rescue: + - name: Wait before retry on GPG key failure + ansible.builtin.pause: + seconds: 10 + + - name: Retry apt update + ansible.builtin.apt: + update_cache: true + cache_valid_time: 0 + + - name: Retry Docker package installation + ansible.builtin.apt: + name: "{{ docker_packages }}" + state: present + + always: + - name: Ensure Docker service is started and enabled + ansible.builtin.service: + name: docker + state: started + enabled: true + +- name: Docker configuration + become: true + tags: + - docker_config + block: + - name: Add users to docker group + ansible.builtin.user: + name: "{{ item }}" + groups: docker + append: true + loop: "{{ docker_users }}" + + - name: Reset SSH connection to apply group changes + ansible.builtin.meta: reset_connection diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/defaults/main.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/defaults/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0e187c9887 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/defaults/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +--- +# Default variables for web_app role + +# Application Configuration +web_app_name: devops-app +web_app_docker_image: haruyume/devops-info-service +web_app_docker_tag: latest +web_app_port: 5000 +web_app_internal_port: 5000 + +# Docker Compose Configuration +web_app_compose_project_dir: "/opt/{{ web_app_name }}" +web_app_docker_compose_version: "3.8" + +# Health Check Configuration +web_app_health_check_timeout: 30 +web_app_health_endpoint: /health + +# Wipe Logic Control - requires both variable AND tag +# Set to true to remove application completely +web_app_wipe: false diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/handlers/main.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/handlers/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..096415f618 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/handlers/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- +# Handlers for app_deploy role + +- name: Restart app container + community.docker.docker_container: + name: "{{ web_app_name }}" + state: started + restart: true diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/meta/main.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/meta/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..038ffdb0b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/meta/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +--- +# Role dependencies - ensure Docker is installed first +dependencies: + - role: docker diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/main.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/main.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..59516d7a84 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/main.yml @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +--- +# Web application deployment with Docker Compose + +# Wipe logic runs first (when explicitly requested) +- name: Include wipe tasks + ansible.builtin.include_tasks: wipe.yml + tags: + - web_app_wipe + +# Deploy application with Docker Compose +- name: Deploy application with Docker Compose + become: true + tags: + - app_deploy + - compose + block: + - name: Create application directory + ansible.builtin.file: + path: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" + state: directory + mode: "0755" + + - name: Template docker-compose file + ansible.builtin.template: + src: docker-compose.yml.j2 + dest: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}/docker-compose.yml" + mode: "0644" + + - name: Log in to Docker Hub + community.docker.docker_login: + username: "{{ dockerhub_username }}" + password: "{{ dockerhub_password }}" + registry_url: https://index.docker.io/v1/ + state: present + no_log: true + + - name: Pull latest Docker image + community.docker.docker_image: + name: "{{ web_app_docker_image }}" + tag: "{{ web_app_docker_tag }}" + source: pull + force_source: true + + - name: Deploy application with Docker Compose + community.docker.docker_compose_v2: + project_src: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" + state: present + pull: always + + - name: Wait for application port to be available + ansible.builtin.wait_for: + port: "{{ web_app_port }}" + host: localhost + timeout: "{{ web_app_health_check_timeout }}" + delay: 2 + + - name: Verify application health endpoint + ansible.builtin.uri: + url: "http://localhost:{{ web_app_port }}{{ web_app_health_endpoint }}" + method: GET + status_code: 200 + timeout: 10 + retries: 3 + delay: 2 + + rescue: + - name: Log deployment failure + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Deployment failed for {{ web_app_name }}. Check Docker logs." + + - name: Show Docker Compose logs on failure + ansible.builtin.command: "docker compose -f {{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}/docker-compose.yml logs --tail=50" + register: web_app_compose_logs + changed_when: false + failed_when: false + + - name: Display logs + ansible.builtin.debug: + var: web_app_compose_logs.stdout_lines + when: web_app_compose_logs is defined + + - name: Fail deployment + ansible.builtin.fail: + msg: "Application deployment failed. See logs above." diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/wipe.yml b/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/wipe.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5d90208e70 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/tasks/wipe.yml @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +--- +# Wipe logic - removes application completely +# Requires BOTH variable (web_app_wipe=true) AND tag (web_app_wipe) + +- name: Wipe web application + when: web_app_wipe | default(false) | bool + become: true + tags: + - web_app_wipe + block: + - name: Stop and remove containers with Docker Compose + community.docker.docker_compose_v2: + project_src: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" + state: absent + failed_when: false + + - name: Remove docker-compose file + ansible.builtin.file: + path: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}/docker-compose.yml" + state: absent + failed_when: false + + - name: Remove application directory + ansible.builtin.file: + path: "{{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" + state: absent + failed_when: false + + - name: Log wipe completion + ansible.builtin.debug: + msg: "Application {{ web_app_name }} wiped successfully from {{ web_app_compose_project_dir }}" diff --git a/ansible/roles/web_app/templates/docker-compose.yml.j2 b/ansible/roles/web_app/templates/docker-compose.yml.j2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..36162882b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/roles/web_app/templates/docker-compose.yml.j2 @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +services: + {{ web_app_name }}: + image: {{ web_app_docker_image }}:{{ web_app_docker_tag }} + container_name: {{ web_app_name }} + ports: + - "{{ web_app_port }}:{{ web_app_internal_port }}" + environment: + PORT: "{{ web_app_internal_port }}" + HOST: "0.0.0.0" +{% if app_env_vars is defined %} +{% for key, value in app_env_vars.items() %} + {{ key }}: "{{ value }}" +{% endfor %} +{% endif %} + restart: unless-stopped + networks: + - app_network + +networks: + app_network: + driver: bridge diff --git a/ansible/second_run.txt b/ansible/second_run.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..65e9986db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/second_run.txt @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ + +PLAY [Provision web servers] *************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Update apt cache] *********************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Install common packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Set timezone] *************************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker prerequisites] *********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker GPG key] ********************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Determine Docker architecture] ********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Remove old Docker repository file if it exists] ***************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker repository with correct architecture] **************** +changed: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Update apt cache after adding Docker repository] **************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install python3-docker for Ansible modules] ********************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Ensure Docker service is started and enabled] ******************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add users to docker group] ************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] => (item=vagrant) + +TASK [docker : Reset SSH connection to apply group changes] ******************** + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=14 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 + diff --git a/ansible/vault_encrypted.txt b/ansible/vault_encrypted.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..30df09fa60 --- /dev/null +++ b/ansible/vault_encrypted.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +$ANSIBLE_VAULT;1.1;AES256 +39663730306636613461363834343533396166363363343365336130613231376664646366313937 +3731353539646466666665353031646431663931326466300a366637396333636135336330303739 +64613364353339323733613766356336613336336561363264646334653861373834353338343261 +3337363432653963370a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diff --git a/app_python/.dockerignore b/app_python/.dockerignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1dc030ac44 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/.dockerignore @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +# Python cache and compiled files +__pycache__/ +*.py[cod] +*$py.class +*.so +.Python + +# Virtual environments +venv/ +.venv/ +env/ +ENV/ +env.bak/ +venv.bak/ + +# Git files +.git/ +.gitignore +.gitattributes + +# Documentation files (not needed in container) +docs/ +README.md +*.md + +# IDE and editor files +.vscode/ +.idea/ +*.swp +*.swo +*~ +.project +.pydevproject +.settings/ + +# Testing +tests/ +.pytest_cache/ +.coverage +htmlcov/ +.tox/ +.nox/ + +# OS files +.DS_Store +.DS_Store? +._* +.Spotlight-V100 +.Trashes +ehthumbs.db +Thumbs.db + +# Distribution / packaging +dist/ +build/ +*.egg-info/ +.eggs/ + +# Jupyter Notebook +.ipynb_checkpoints + +# Environment files (may contain secrets) +.env +.env.local diff --git a/app_python/.gitignore b/app_python/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e7db941dd --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +# Python +__pycache__/ +*.py[cod] +*$py.class +*.so +*.egg +*.egg-info/ +dist/ +build/ +*.log + +# Virtual environments +venv/ +.venv/ +env/ +ENV/ + +# IDE +.vscode/ +.idea/ +*.swp +*.swo +*~ + +# OS +.DS_Store +Thumbs.db + +# Testing +.pytest_cache/ +.coverage +htmlcov/ + +# Environment variables +.env diff --git a/app_python/Dockerfile b/app_python/Dockerfile new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2bbe41f11a --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/Dockerfile @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# Use Python 3.13 slim image for smaller size while maintaining compatibility +FROM python:3.13-slim + +# Create a non-root user for security best practices +# Using --system creates a system user without a home directory +# Using --group creates a group with the same name +RUN adduser --system --group --no-create-home appuser + +# Set working directory +WORKDIR /app + +# Copy requirements file first to leverage Docker layer caching +# If requirements.txt doesn't change, this layer will be cached +COPY requirements.txt . + +# Install Python dependencies +# --no-cache-dir reduces image size by not storing pip cache +RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt + +# Copy application code +# This layer will only rebuild when application code changes +COPY app.py . + +# Change ownership of application files to non-root user +RUN chown -R appuser:appuser /app + +# Switch to non-root user +USER appuser + +# Document that the application listens on port 5000 +EXPOSE 5000 + +# Run the application +CMD ["python", "app.py"] diff --git a/app_python/README.md b/app_python/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7b2f3dc14f --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,517 @@ +[![CI/CD Pipeline](https://github.com/harutoyume/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/python-ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/harutoyume/DevOps-Core-Course/actions/workflows/python-ci.yml) + +# DevOps Info Service + +A lightweight Python web service that provides comprehensive system and runtime information through a REST API. Built with Flask as part of the DevOps Engineering course. + +## Overview + +The DevOps Info Service is designed to report detailed information about itself and its runtime environment. This service will evolve throughout the course, with additional features like containerization, CI/CD pipelines, monitoring, and persistence being added in future labs. + +**Current Features:** +- System information introspection (hostname, platform, architecture, CPU count, Python version) +- Runtime metrics (uptime tracking, current time) +- Request details (client IP, user agent, HTTP method, path) +- **Visit counter with persistent storage** (tracks page visits across container restarts) +- Health check endpoint for monitoring +- **Prometheus metrics endpoint** for observability +- Configurable via environment variables +- JSON API responses +- Error handling and logging +- Automated CI/CD pipeline with GitHub Actions +- Comprehensive test suite with pytest +- Security scanning with Snyk + +## Prerequisites + +- **Python 3.11+** (tested with Python 3.13) +- **pip** (Python package manager) +- **Virtual environment** (recommended) + +## Installation + +1. **Clone the repository**: + ```bash + git clone https://github.com/harutoyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git + cd DevOps-Core-Course/app_python + ``` + +2. **Create and activate a virtual environment**: + ```bash + # Create virtual environment + python -m venv venv + + # Activate on macOS/Linux + source venv/bin/activate + + # Activate on Windows + venv\Scripts\activate + ``` + +3. **Install dependencies**: + ```bash + pip install -r requirements.txt + ``` + +## Running the Application + +### Basic Usage + +Run with default settings (host: 0.0.0.0, port: 5000): + +```bash +python app.py +``` + +The service will be accessible at `http://localhost:5000` + +### Custom Configuration + +Use environment variables to customize the service: + +```bash +# Run on a different port +PORT=8080 python app.py + +# Run on localhost only +HOST=127.0.0.1 python app.py + +# Enable debug mode (for development only) +DEBUG=true python app.py + +# Combine multiple configurations +HOST=127.0.0.1 PORT=3000 DEBUG=true python app.py +``` + +## Docker + +This application is containerized and available on Docker Hub. You can run it using Docker without installing Python or dependencies locally. + +### Pull from Docker Hub + +Pull the pre-built image from Docker Hub: + +```bash +docker pull haruyume/devops-info-service:latest +``` + +Or pull a specific version: + +```bash +docker pull haruyume/devops-info-service:1.0.0 +``` + +### Run the Container + +Run the container with default settings (port 5001 on host, mapping to 5000 in container): + +```bash +docker run -p 5001:5000 haruyume/devops-info-service:latest +``` + +Run in detached mode (background): + +```bash +docker run -d -p 5001:5000 --name devops-service haruyume/devops-info-service:latest +``` + +Run with custom configuration using environment variables: + +```bash +docker run -p 8081:8080 -e PORT=8080 -e DEBUG=true haruyume/devops-info-service:latest +``` + +Run with persistent data volume for visit counter: + +```bash +docker run -d -p 5001:5000 -v $(pwd)/data:/data --name devops-service haruyume/devops-info-service:latest +``` + +### Docker Compose + +The easiest way to run the application with persistent storage is using Docker Compose. + +**Start the service:** + +```bash +docker-compose up -d +``` + +**View logs:** + +```bash +docker-compose logs -f +``` + +**Stop the service:** + +```bash +docker-compose down +``` + +**Rebuild and restart:** + +```bash +docker-compose up -d --build +``` + +The `docker-compose.yml` configuration includes: +- Automatic container restart policy +- Volume mounting for visit counter persistence (`./data:/data`) +- Health checks +- Environment variable configuration + +### Build Locally + +If you want to build the image yourself: + +```bash +# Build from the app_python directory +docker build -t devops-info-service:latest . + +# Or build from the repository root +docker build -t devops-info-service:latest app_python/ +``` + +### Docker Commands Reference + +```bash +# View running containers +docker ps + +# View container logs +docker logs + +# Stop a running container +docker stop + +# Remove a stopped container +docker rm + +# View image details +docker inspect haruyume/devops-info-service:latest + +# Remove local image +docker rmi haruyume/devops-info-service:latest +``` + +### Docker Image Details + +- **Base Image:** python:3.13-slim +- **Size:** ~150-200MB +- **Security:** Runs as non-root user +- **Internal Port:** 5000 +- **Recommended Host Port:** 5001 (to avoid macOS AirPlay conflict) +- **Docker Hub:** [haruyume/devops-info-service](https://hub.docker.com/r/haruyume/devops-info-service) + +## API Endpoints + +### `GET /` + +Returns comprehensive service and system information. + +**Request:** +```bash +curl http://localhost:5000/ +``` + +**Response:** (200 OK) +```json +{ + "service": { + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "DevOps course info service", + "framework": "Flask" + }, + "system": { + "hostname": "my-laptop", + "platform": "Darwin", + "platform_version": "Darwin Kernel Version 25.2.0", + "architecture": "arm64", + "cpu_count": 8, + "python_version": "3.13.1" + }, + "runtime": { + "uptime_seconds": 3600, + "uptime_human": "1 hour, 0 minutes", + "current_time": "2026-01-27T14:30:00.000000+00:00", + "timezone": "UTC" + }, + "request": { + "client_ip": "127.0.0.1", + "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/" + }, + "endpoints": [ + { + "path": "/", + "method": "GET", + "description": "Service information" + }, + { + "path": "/health", + "method": "GET", + "description": "Health check" + }, + { + "path": "/visits", + "method": "GET", + "description": "Visit counter" + }, + { + "path": "/metrics", + "method": "GET", + "description": "Prometheus metrics" + } + ], + "visits": 42 +} +``` + +**Note:** The response now includes a `visits` field showing the total number of times the root endpoint has been accessed. + +### `GET /health` + +Health check endpoint for monitoring and Kubernetes probes. + +**Request:** +```bash +curl http://localhost:5000/health +``` + +**Response:** (200 OK) +```json +{ + "status": "healthy", + "timestamp": "2026-01-27T14:30:00.000000+00:00", + "uptime_seconds": 3600 +} +``` + +### `GET /visits` + +Returns the current visit counter value. + +**Request:** +```bash +curl http://localhost:5000/visits +``` + +**Response:** (200 OK) +```json +{ + "visits": 42, + "timestamp": "2026-01-27T14:30:00.000000+00:00" +} +``` + +**Note:** The visit counter increments each time the root endpoint (`/`) is accessed. The counter persists across container restarts when using volume mounting. + +### `GET /metrics` + +Prometheus metrics endpoint for monitoring and observability. + +**Request:** +| `DATA_DIR` | `/data` | Directory path for persistent data storage (visits counter) | +```bash +curl http://localhost:5000/metrics +``` + +**Response:** (200 OK, text/plain) +``` +# HELP http_requests_total Total HTTP requests +# TYPE http_requests_total counter +http_requests_total{endpoint="/",method="GET",status="200"} 42.0 +# ... more metrics +``` + +### Error Responses + +**404 Not Found:** +```bash +curl http://localhost:5000/nonexistent +``` + +```json +{ + "error": "Not Found", + "message": "The requested endpoint does not exist", + "path": "/nonexistent" +} +``` + +## Configuration + +The application supports the following environment variables: + +| Variable | Default | Description | +|----------|---------|-------------| +| `HOST` | `0.0.0.0` | Host address to bind to (use `127.0.0.1` for localhost only) | +| `PORT` | `5000` | Port number to listen on | +| `DEBUG` | `False` | Enable Flask debug mode (`true` or `false`) | + +## Testing + +This application includes a comprehensive test suite with 23+ tests covering all endpoints, helper functions, and error handlers. + +### Running Tests Locally + +1. **Install test dependencies**: + ```bash + pip install -r requirements-dev.txt + ``` + +2. **Run all tests**: + ```bash + pytest -v + ``` + +3. **Run specific test categories**: + ```bash + # Run only unit tests + pytest -m unit -v + + # Run only integration tests + pytest -m integration -v + ``` + +4. **Run linter**: + ```bash + ruff check . + ``` + +### Test Coverage + +The test suite covers: +- All API endpoints (`/`, `/health`) +- Helper functions (`get_system_info`, `get_uptime`, `get_runtime_info`) +- Error handlers (404, 500) +- JSON structure validation +- Request metadata capture +- Edge cases and error conditions + +### Continuous Integration + +Every push and pull request automatically triggers: +- **Linting** with Ruff (Python style and syntax checking) +- **Unit tests** with pytest (23+ tests) +- **Security scanning** with Snyk (vulnerability detection) +- **Docker build** with CalVer versioning (on master/lab03 branches) + +View the CI/CD pipeline: [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/harutoyume/DevOps-Core-Course/actions) + +## Manual Testing + +### Using curl + +Test the main endpoint: +```bash +curl http://localhost:5000/ +``` + +Test the health check: +```bash +curl http://localhost:5000/health +``` + +Pretty-print JSON output (requires `jq`): +```bash +curl http://localhost:5000/ | jq +``` + +### Using HTTPie + +If you have [HTTPie](https://httpie.io/) installed: +```bash +http http://localhost:5000/ +http http://localhost:5000/health +``` + +### Using a Web Browser + +Simply navigate to: +- `http://localhost:5000/` - Main endpoint +- `http://localhost:5000/health` - Health check + +### Using Postman + +1. Create a new GET request to `http://localhost:5000/` +2. Send the request +3. View the formatted JSON response + +## Development + +### Code Structure + +- `app.py` - Main application with Flask routes and helper functions +- `requirements.txt` - Python dependencies +- `.gitignore` - Files and directories to exclude from version control +- `tests/` - Unit tests (to be added in Lab 3) +- `docs/` - Lab documentation and screenshots + +### Best Practices Implemented + +- **Clean Code**: Well-organized functions with single responsibilities +- **Documentation**: Comprehensive docstrings for all functions +- **Error Handling**: Custom error handlers for 404 and 500 errors +- **Logging**: Structured logging for debugging and monitoring +- **Configuration**: Environment-based configuration +- **PEP 8 Compliance**: Follows Python style guidelines + +## Logging + +The application logs important events to stdout: + +- Application startup information +- Request processing (info level) +- Health check requests (debug level) +- Errors and warnings + +Example log output: +``` +2026-01-27 14:30:00,000 - __main__ - INFO - Starting DevOps Info Service on 0.0.0.0:5000 +2026-01-27 14:30:00,001 - __main__ - INFO - Debug mode: False +2026-01-27 14:30:15,123 - __main__ - INFO - Request: GET / from 127.0.0.1 +``` + +## Future Enhancements + +This service will be extended in future labs: + +- **Lab 2**: Docker containerization with multi-stage builds +- **Lab 3**: Unit tests and CI/CD pipeline with GitHub Actions +- **Lab 8**: Prometheus `/metrics` endpoint +- **Lab 9**: Kubernetes deployment with health probes +- **Lab 12**: Visit counter with file persistence +- **Lab 13**: Multi-environment deployment with GitOps + +## Troubleshooting + +**Port already in use:** +```bash +# Use a different port +PORT=8080 python app.py +``` + +**Module not found error:** +```bash +# Make sure virtual environment is activated and dependencies are installed +source venv/bin/activate +pip install -r requirements.txt +``` + +**Permission denied:** +```bash +# Don't use privileged ports (< 1024) or run with appropriate permissions +PORT=5000 python app.py +``` + +## License + +This project is part of the DevOps Engineering course. + +## Author + +Created as part of Lab 1 - Web Application Development diff --git a/app_python/app.py b/app_python/app.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f800307a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/app.py @@ -0,0 +1,492 @@ +""" +DevOps Info Service +A web application providing detailed system and runtime information. +""" +import os +import socket +import platform +import logging +import sys +import time +from datetime import datetime, timezone +from flask import Flask, jsonify, request, Response, g +from pythonjsonlogger import jsonlogger +from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram, Gauge, generate_latest, CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST +import threading + +# Initialize Flask application +app = Flask(__name__) + +# Configuration from environment variables +HOST = os.getenv('HOST', '0.0.0.0') +PORT = int(os.getenv('PORT', 5000)) +DEBUG = os.getenv('DEBUG', 'False').lower() == 'true' +DATA_DIR = os.getenv('DATA_DIR', '/data') +VISITS_FILE = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, 'visits') + +# Application start time for uptime calculation +START_TIME = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + +# Thread lock for visits counter file operations +visits_lock = threading.Lock() + +# ============================================================================= +# Prometheus Metrics +# ============================================================================= + +# Counter: Total HTTP requests (RED method - Rate) +http_requests_total = Counter( + 'http_requests_total', + 'Total HTTP requests', + ['method', 'endpoint', 'status'] +) + +# Histogram: Request duration in seconds (RED method - Duration) +http_request_duration_seconds = Histogram( + 'http_request_duration_seconds', + 'HTTP request duration in seconds', + ['method', 'endpoint'], + buckets=[0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0] +) + +# Gauge: Requests currently being processed +http_requests_in_progress = Gauge( + 'http_requests_in_progress', + 'HTTP requests currently being processed' +) + +# Application-specific metrics +devops_info_endpoint_calls = Counter( + 'devops_info_endpoint_calls', + 'Endpoint calls by endpoint name', + ['endpoint'] +) + +system_info_collection_duration_seconds = Histogram( + 'system_info_collection_duration_seconds', + 'Time to collect system information', + buckets=[0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1] +) + +# Application info gauge (provides static metadata) +app_info = Gauge( + 'devops_info_service_info', + 'Application information', + ['version', 'python_version'] +) +app_info.labels(version='1.0.0', python_version=platform.python_version()).set(1) + +# Configure JSON logging for structured log output +class CustomJsonFormatter(jsonlogger.JsonFormatter): + """Custom JSON formatter that adds standard fields to every log entry.""" + + def add_fields(self, log_record, record, message_dict): + super().add_fields(log_record, record, message_dict) + log_record['timestamp'] = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat() + log_record['level'] = record.levelname + log_record['logger'] = record.name + + +def setup_logging(): + """Set up JSON-formatted logging to stdout.""" + handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout) + formatter = CustomJsonFormatter('%(timestamp)s %(level)s %(name)s %(message)s') + handler.setFormatter(formatter) + + root_logger = logging.getLogger() + root_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO) + root_logger.addHandler(handler) + + +setup_logging() +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def get_system_info(): + """ + Collect comprehensive system information. + + Returns: + dict: System information including hostname, platform, architecture, etc. + """ + return { + 'hostname': socket.gethostname(), + 'platform': platform.system(), + 'platform_version': platform.version(), + 'architecture': platform.machine(), + 'cpu_count': os.cpu_count(), + 'python_version': platform.python_version() + } + + +def get_visits_count(): + """ + Read the current visits count from file. + + Returns: + int: Current visits count, defaults to 0 if file doesn't exist. + """ + with visits_lock: + try: + # Ensure data directory exists + os.makedirs(DATA_DIR, exist_ok=True) + + if os.path.exists(VISITS_FILE): + with open(VISITS_FILE, 'r') as f: + return int(f.read().strip()) + return 0 + except (ValueError, IOError) as e: + logger.warning(f"Error reading visits count: {e}") + return 0 + + +def increment_visits(): + """ + Increment the visits counter and save to file. + + Returns: + int: New visits count after increment. + """ + with visits_lock: + try: + # Ensure data directory exists + os.makedirs(DATA_DIR, exist_ok=True) + + count = get_visits_count() + count += 1 + + with open(VISITS_FILE, 'w') as f: + f.write(str(count)) + + return count + except IOError as e: + logger.error(f"Error writing visits count: {e}") + return get_visits_count() + + +def get_uptime(): + """ + Calculate application uptime. + + Returns: + dict: Uptime in seconds and human-readable format. + """ + delta = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - START_TIME + total_seconds = int(delta.total_seconds()) + + hours = total_seconds // 3600 + minutes = (total_seconds % 3600) // 60 + seconds = total_seconds % 60 + + # Format human-readable uptime + if hours > 0: + human = f"{hours} hour{'s' if hours != 1 else ''}, {minutes} minute{'s' if minutes != 1 else ''}" + elif minutes > 0: + human = f"{minutes} minute{'s' if minutes != 1 else ''}, {seconds} second{'s' if seconds != 1 else ''}" + else: + human = f"{seconds} second{'s' if seconds != 1 else ''}" + + return { + 'seconds': total_seconds, + 'human': human + } + + +def get_runtime_info(): + """ + Get current runtime information. + + Returns: + dict: Runtime information including uptime and current time. + """ + uptime = get_uptime() + return { + 'uptime_seconds': uptime['seconds'], + 'uptime_human': uptime['human'], + 'current_time': datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(), + 'timezone': 'UTC' + } + + +def get_request_info(req): + """ + Extract information from the current request. + + Args: + req: Flask request object + + Returns: + dict: Request information including client IP, user agent, etc. + """ + return { + 'client_ip': req.remote_addr, + 'user_agent': req.headers.get('User-Agent', 'Unknown'), + 'method': req.method, + 'path': req.path + } + + +def get_endpoints(): + """ + List all available API endpoints. + + Returns: + list: List of endpoint information dictionaries. + """ + return [ + { + 'path': '/', + 'method': 'GET', + 'description': 'Service information' + }, + { + 'path': '/health', + 'method': 'GET', + 'description': 'Health check' + }, + { + 'path': '/visits', + 'method': 'GET', + 'description': 'Visit counter' + }, + { + 'path': '/metrics', + 'method': 'GET', + 'description': 'Prometheus metrics' + } + ] + + +def normalize_endpoint(path): + """ + Normalize endpoint path for metric labels. + Keeps cardinality low by grouping similar paths. + + Args: + path: The request path + + Returns: + str: Normalized endpoint name + """ + if path == '/': + return '/' + elif path == '/health': + return '/health' + elif path == '/visits': + return '/visits' + elif path == '/metrics': + return '/metrics' + else: + return '/other' + + +@app.before_request +def before_request_metrics(): + """Track request start time and increment in-progress gauge.""" + # Skip metrics endpoint to avoid self-referential metrics + if request.path == '/metrics': + return + + g.start_time = time.time() + http_requests_in_progress.inc() + + +@app.before_request +def log_request(): + """Log incoming HTTP request details.""" + # Skip logging for metrics endpoint + if request.path == '/metrics': + return + + logger.info( + "Incoming request", + extra={ + 'method': request.method, + 'path': request.path, + 'client_ip': request.remote_addr, + 'user_agent': request.headers.get('User-Agent', 'Unknown') + } + ) + + +@app.after_request +def after_request_metrics(response): + """Record request metrics after completion.""" + # Skip metrics endpoint + if request.path == '/metrics': + return response + + # Calculate request duration + if hasattr(g, 'start_time'): + duration = time.time() - g.start_time + endpoint = normalize_endpoint(request.path) + + # Record histogram observation + http_request_duration_seconds.labels( + method=request.method, + endpoint=endpoint + ).observe(duration) + + # Increment request counter + http_requests_total.labels( + method=request.method, + endpoint=endpoint, + status=str(response.status_code) + ).inc() + + # Decrement in-progress gauge + http_requests_in_progress.dec() + + return response + + +@app.after_request +def log_response(response): + """Log HTTP response details.""" + # Skip logging for metrics endpoint + if request.path == '/metrics': + return response + + logger.info( + "Request completed", + extra={ + 'method': request.method, + 'path': request.path, + 'status_code': response.status_code, + 'client_ip': request.remote_addr + } + ) + return response + + +@app.route('/') +def index(): + """ + Main endpoint - returns comprehensive service and system information. + Increments visit counter on each access. + + Returns: + JSON response with service, system, runtime, request info, and endpoints. + """ + # Increment visits counter + visits = increment_visits() + + # Track business metric + devops_info_endpoint_calls.labels(endpoint='/').inc() + + # Track system info collection time + with system_info_collection_duration_seconds.time(): + system_info = get_system_info() + + response = { + 'service': { + 'name': 'devops-info-service', + 'version': '1.0.0', + 'description': 'DevOps course info service', + 'framework': 'Flask' + }, + 'system': system_info, + 'runtime': get_runtime_info(), + 'request': get_request_info(request), + 'endpoints': get_endpoints(), + 'visits': visits + } + + return jsonify(response) + + +@app.route('/health') +def health(): + """ + Health check endpoint for monitoring and Kubernetes probes. + + Returns: + JSON response with health status and uptime. + """ + # Track business metric + devops_info_endpoint_calls.labels(endpoint='/health').inc() + + response = { + 'status': 'healthy', + 'timestamp': datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(), + 'uptime_seconds': get_uptime()['seconds'] + } + + return jsonify(response) + + +@app.route('/visits') +def visits(): + """ + Visits counter endpoint - returns the current visit count. + + Returns: + JSON response with current visits count. + """ + # Track business metric + devops_info_endpoint_calls.labels(endpoint='/visits').inc() + + count = get_visits_count() + + response = { + 'visits': count, + 'timestamp': datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat() + } + + return jsonify(response) + + +@app.route('/metrics') +def metrics(): + """ + Prometheus metrics endpoint. + + Returns: + Prometheus text format metrics. + """ + return Response(generate_latest(), mimetype=CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST) + + +@app.errorhandler(404) +def not_found(error): + """ + Handle 404 errors. + + Args: + error: The error object + + Returns: + JSON error response with 404 status code. + """ + logger.warning("404 Not Found", extra={'path': request.path}) + return jsonify({ + 'error': 'Not Found', + 'message': 'The requested endpoint does not exist', + 'path': request.path + }), 404 + + +@app.errorhandler(500) +def internal_error(error): + """ + Handle 500 errors. + + Args: + error: The error object + + Returns: + JSON error response with 500 status code. + """ + logger.error("500 Internal Server Error", extra={'error': str(error)}) + return jsonify({ + 'error': 'Internal Server Error', + 'message': 'An unexpected error occurred' + }), 500 + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + logger.info( + 'Starting DevOps Info Service', + extra={'host': HOST, 'port': PORT, 'debug': DEBUG} + ) + app.run(host=HOST, port=PORT, debug=DEBUG) diff --git a/app_python/docker-compose.yml b/app_python/docker-compose.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..70c3e42ada --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/docker-compose.yml @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +version: '3.8' + +services: + devops-info-service: + build: + context: . + dockerfile: Dockerfile + image: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest + container_name: devops-info-service + ports: + - "5000:5000" + environment: + - HOST=0.0.0.0 + - PORT=5000 + - DEBUG=false + - DATA_DIR=/data + volumes: + - ./data:/data + restart: unless-stopped + healthcheck: + test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:5000/health"] + interval: 30s + timeout: 10s + retries: 3 + start_period: 40s + +volumes: + data: + driver: local diff --git a/app_python/docs/LAB01.md b/app_python/docs/LAB01.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..da7852d2c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/docs/LAB01.md @@ -0,0 +1,329 @@ +# Lab 1 - DevOps Info Service: Implementation Report + +**Student:** Ilsaf Abdulkhakov +**Date:** January 27, 2026 +**Lab:** Lab 1 - Web Application Development + +--- + +## 1. Framework Selection + +### Chosen Framework: Flask 3.1 + +I selected **Flask** as the web framework for this project for the following reasons: + +1. **Simplicity**: Minimal boilerplate code, ideal for learning web development fundamentals +2. **Lightweight**: Micro-framework providing exactly what we need without unnecessary features +3. **Industry Standard**: Widely used for microservices and REST APIs in DevOps tools +4. **Maturity**: Stable 3.x release with excellent documentation and community support +5. **Perfect Fit**: For a service with 2 endpoints, Flask is neither under-powered nor over-engineered + +### Framework Comparison + +| Feature | Flask | FastAPI | Django | +|---------|-------|---------|--------| +| **Type** | Micro-framework | Modern async framework | Full-stack framework | +| **Learning Curve** | Easy | Moderate | Steep | +| **Boilerplate** | Minimal | Minimal | Significant | +| **Auto Documentation** | Manual | Automatic (OpenAPI) | Manual | +| **ORM Included** | No | No | Yes (Django ORM) | +| **Use Case** | Microservices, APIs | High-performance APIs | Full web applications | +| **Our Needs** | Perfect fit | Good, but overkill | Too heavy | + +**Why not FastAPI?** Automatic documentation and async features aren't necessary for 2 simple endpoints. +**Why not Django?** Too much overhead (ORM, templates, admin) for a simple REST API. + +--- + +## 2. Best Practices Applied + +### Clean Code Organization + +Modular functions with single responsibilities: + +```python +def get_system_info(): + """Collect comprehensive system information.""" + return { + 'hostname': socket.gethostname(), + 'platform': platform.system(), + 'cpu_count': os.cpu_count(), + 'python_version': platform.python_version() + } +``` + +**Importance**: Makes code easier to test, debug, and maintain. + +### Documentation + +Comprehensive docstrings for all functions: + +```python +def get_request_info(req): + """ + Extract information from the current request. + + Args: + req: Flask request object + Returns: + dict: Request information + """ +``` + +**Importance**: Helps team collaboration and future code maintenance. + +### Error Handling + +Custom error handlers for graceful error responses: + +```python +@app.errorhandler(404) +def not_found(error): + return jsonify({ + 'error': 'Not Found', + 'message': 'The requested endpoint does not exist', + 'path': request.path + }), 404 +``` + +**Importance**: Improves user experience and debugging. + +### Structured Logging + +Consistent logging throughout the application: + +```python +logging.basicConfig( + level=logging.INFO, + format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s' +) +logger.info(f"Request: {request.method} {request.path}") +``` + +**Importance**: Essential for debugging and monitoring production issues. + +### Environment-Based Configuration + +No hardcoded values, all configurable via environment variables: + +```python +HOST = os.getenv('HOST', '0.0.0.0') +PORT = int(os.getenv('PORT', 8080)) +DEBUG = os.getenv('DEBUG', 'False').lower() == 'true' +``` + +**Importance**: Follows 12-Factor App principles, enables multi-environment deployments. + +### PEP 8 Compliance + +Code follows Python style guide: 4-space indentation, snake_case naming, descriptive variables. + +**Importance**: Ensures code readability and professionalism. + +--- + +## 3. API Documentation + +### Endpoint: `GET /` + +Returns comprehensive service and system information. + +**Request:** +```bash +curl http://localhost:8080/ +``` + +**Response (200 OK):** +```json +{ + "service": { + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "DevOps course info service", + "framework": "Flask" + }, + "system": { + "hostname": "MacBook-Air-Haru.local", + "platform": "Darwin", + "architecture": "arm64", + "cpu_count": 8, + "python_version": "3.13.1" + }, + "runtime": { + "uptime_seconds": 125, + "uptime_human": "2 minutes, 5 seconds", + "current_time": "2026-01-27T13:32:01+00:00", + "timezone": "UTC" + }, + "request": { + "client_ip": "127.0.0.1", + "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/" + }, + "endpoints": [ + { + "path": "/", + "method": "GET", + "description": "Service information" + }, + { + "path": "/health", + "method": "GET", + "description": "Health check" + } + ] +} +``` + +### Endpoint: `GET /health` + +Health check endpoint for monitoring. + +**Request:** +```bash +curl http://localhost:8080/health +``` + +**Response (200 OK):** +```json +{ + "status": "healthy", + "timestamp": "2026-01-27T13:32:05+00:00", + "uptime_seconds": 20 +} +``` + +### Testing Commands + +```bash +# Start application +PORT=8080 python app.py + +# Test endpoints +curl http://localhost:8080/ +curl http://localhost:8080/health +curl http://localhost:8080/nonexistent # Test 404 + +# Pretty print with jq +curl -s http://localhost:8080/ | jq + +# Test with different configurations +HOST=127.0.0.1 PORT=3000 python app.py +``` + +--- + +## 4. Testing Evidence + +### Screenshots + +All testing screenshots are in the `screenshots/` directory: + +1. **01-main-endpoint.png** - `GET /` endpoint showing complete JSON response +2. **02-health-check.png** - `GET /health` endpoint +3. **03-formatted-output.png** - Pretty-printed JSON output + +### Test Results + +✅ Main endpoint returns all required fields (service, system, runtime, request, endpoints) +✅ Health check returns status, timestamp, and uptime +✅ Environment variables work (HOST, PORT, DEBUG) +✅ Error handler returns proper 404 JSON response +✅ Logging captures all requests +✅ Code follows PEP 8 style guidelines + +### Terminal Output + +```bash +# Application startup +$ PORT=8080 python3 app.py +2026-01-27 16:31:44 - INFO - Starting DevOps Info Service on 0.0.0.0:8080 +* Running on http://127.0.0.1:8080 + +# Test main endpoint +$ curl http://localhost:8080/ | python3 -m json.tool +{ + "service": {"name": "devops-info-service", ...}, + "system": {"hostname": "MacBook-Air-Haru.local", ...}, + ... +} + +# Test health endpoint +$ curl http://localhost:8080/health +{"status": "healthy", "timestamp": "2026-01-27T13:32:05Z", "uptime_seconds": 20} +``` + +--- + +## 5. Challenges & Solutions + +### Challenge 1: Port 5000 Already in Use (macOS) + +**Problem**: Default port 5000 conflicted with macOS AirPlay Receiver service. + +**Solution**: Used PORT environment variable to run on port 8080 instead: +```bash +PORT=8080 python app.py +``` + +### Challenge 2: Human-Readable Uptime Formatting + +**Problem**: Converting seconds to readable format (e.g., "2 hours, 5 minutes") with proper pluralization. + +**Solution**: Implemented conditional logic for different time scales: +```python +if hours > 0: + human = f"{hours} hour{'s' if hours != 1 else ''}, {minutes} minute{'s' if minutes != 1 else ''}" +elif minutes > 0: + human = f"{minutes} minute{'s' if minutes != 1 else ''}, {seconds} second{'s' if seconds != 1 else ''}" +else: + human = f"{seconds} second{'s' if seconds != 1 else ''}" +``` + +### Challenge 3: Environment Variable Type Conversion + +**Problem**: Environment variables are strings, but PORT needs integer and DEBUG needs boolean. + +**Solution**: Explicit type conversion with defaults: +```python +PORT = int(os.getenv('PORT', 8080)) +DEBUG = os.getenv('DEBUG', 'False').lower() == 'true' +``` + +--- + +## 6. GitHub Community + +### Why Starring Repositories Matters + +Starring repositories on GitHub serves important purposes: + +- **Bookmarking & Discovery**: Creates a curated list of useful projects for future reference +- **Project Validation**: Star counts indicate community trust and help others discover quality projects +- **Maintainer Support**: Shows appreciation for open-source maintainers' work +- **Visibility**: Increases project visibility in GitHub search and recommendations +- **Professional Profile**: Starred repos showcase your interests to potential employers + +**For this lab**: Starred the [course repository](https://github.com/Cre-eD/DevOps-Core-Course) and [simple-container-com/api](https://github.com/simple-container-com/api) to support educational resources and DevOps tools. + +### Why Following Developers Matters + +Following developers creates valuable connections: + +- **Learning**: See commits, starred projects, and contributions from experienced developers +- **Stay Updated**: Discover new projects and trends in your technology stack +- **Networking**: Build connections with classmates, professors, and TAs for collaboration +- **Community**: See what others are working on and discover opportunities +- **Career Growth**: Demonstrates engagement with the developer community to employers + +**For this lab**: Followed professor [@Cre-eD](https://github.com/Cre-eD), TAs [@marat-biriushev](https://github.com/marat-biriushev) and [@pierrepicaud](https://github.com/pierrepicaud), and classmates to build a learning community. + +### GitHub Engagement Best Practices + +- Star repositories you genuinely find useful +- Follow developers whose work aligns with your interests +- Engage meaningfully: comment on issues, contribute to discussions +- Build your profile as a portfolio of your professional interests + +GitHub is both a code hosting platform and a social network for developers—engaging through stars and follows is essential for professional development. diff --git a/app_python/docs/LAB02.md b/app_python/docs/LAB02.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ce2fd649aa --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/docs/LAB02.md @@ -0,0 +1,651 @@ +# Lab 2 - Docker Containerization + +## Overview + +This document details the Docker containerization implementation for the DevOps Info Service Python application. The implementation follows Docker best practices with a focus on security, optimization, and maintainability. + +--- + +## Docker Best Practices Applied + +### 1. Non-Root User Execution + +**What:** The container runs as a non-root user (`appuser`) instead of the default root user. + +**Why:** Running containers as root poses significant security risks. If an attacker compromises the application, they would have root privileges within the container, potentially allowing container escape or access to host resources. Using a non-root user minimizes the attack surface and follows the principle of least privilege. + +**Implementation:** + +```dockerfile +# Create a non-root user +RUN adduser --system --group --no-create-home appuser + +# Switch to non-root user before running the application +USER appuser +``` + +**Security Impact:** Reduces the potential damage from container vulnerabilities by limiting process permissions. + +--- + +### 2. Specific Base Image Version + +**What:** Using `python:3.13-slim` instead of `python:latest` or unversioned tags. + +**Why:** Version pinning ensures reproducibility and prevents unexpected breaking changes. The `latest` tag can change at any time, potentially introducing incompatibilities or security vulnerabilities. Specific versions allow for controlled updates and consistent builds across environments. + +**Implementation:** + +```dockerfile +FROM python:3.13-slim +``` + +**Benefits:** +- **Reproducibility:** Same image builds identically across time and environments +- **Stability:** No surprise updates that break the application +- **Security:** Controlled security updates with testing before deployment + +--- + +### 3. Layer Caching Optimization + +**What:** Strategic ordering of Dockerfile instructions to maximize Docker's layer caching mechanism. + +**Why:** Docker caches each layer (instruction) in the Dockerfile. When a layer changes, all subsequent layers must be rebuilt. By placing frequently-changing files (application code) after rarely-changing files (dependencies), we minimize rebuild time. + +**Implementation:** + +```dockerfile +# Copy requirements first (changes infrequently) +COPY requirements.txt . +RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt + +# Copy application code last (changes frequently) +COPY app.py . +``` + +**Performance Impact:** +- **Before optimization:** Changing `app.py` requires reinstalling all dependencies (~30-60 seconds) +- **After optimization:** Changing `app.py` only rebuilds the final layer (~2-5 seconds) + +--- + +### 4. .dockerignore File + +**What:** A `.dockerignore` file that excludes unnecessary files from the Docker build context. + +**Why:** +- **Build Speed:** Smaller build context means faster uploads to Docker daemon +- **Image Size:** Prevents accidental inclusion of large files (venv, .git, etc.) +- **Security:** Excludes sensitive files like `.env` or credentials +- **Cleanliness:** Only production-necessary files in the image + +**Key Exclusions:** +- Python cache files (`__pycache__/`, `*.pyc`) +- Virtual environments (`venv/`, `.venv/`) +- Git repository (`.git/`) +- Documentation (`docs/`, `*.md`) +- IDE files (`.vscode/`, `.idea/`) +- Test files (`tests/`) + +**Impact:** Reduces build context from potentially hundreds of MB to just a few KB. + +--- + +### 5. Minimal Base Image Selection + +**What:** Using `python:3.13-slim` instead of the full `python:3.13` image. + +**Why:** +- **Security:** Fewer packages mean smaller attack surface +- **Size:** Slim images are 5-10x smaller than full images +- **Performance:** Faster image pulls and container startup + +**Comparison:** + +| Image Variant | Size | Use Case | +|---------------|------|----------| +| `python:3.13` | ~1GB | Development, requires system packages | +| `python:3.13-slim` | ~150MB | Production, minimal dependencies | +| `python:3.13-alpine` | ~50MB | Ultra-minimal, may have compatibility issues | + +**Choice:** `python:3.13-slim` provides the best balance of size and compatibility for our Flask application. + +--- + +### 6. Pip Installation Optimization + +**What:** Using `pip install --no-cache-dir` when installing dependencies. + +**Why:** The pip cache is useful for local development but unnecessary in containers. Removing it reduces image size by 10-50MB without affecting functionality. + +**Implementation:** + +```dockerfile +RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt +``` + +--- + +### 7. Single Responsibility Per Layer + +**What:** Each Dockerfile instruction performs one logical operation. + +**Why:** Improves readability, debugging, and layer caching efficiency. Makes it easier to understand what each layer does and troubleshoot build issues. + +--- + +## Image Information & Decisions + +### Base Image Selection: python:3.13-slim + +**Justification:** + +1. **Version Match:** Matches the Python version used in development (3.13) +2. **Size Efficiency:** At ~150MB, it's significantly smaller than the full image (~1GB) +3. **Compatibility:** Includes essential system libraries, unlike Alpine which can have C library compatibility issues +4. **Debian-based:** Uses Debian, which has excellent package support and stability +5. **Security Updates:** Regularly maintained by the official Python team + +**Why Not Alpine?** +- Alpine uses musl libc instead of glibc, which can cause compatibility issues with some Python packages +- Wheels (pre-compiled packages) often don't work on Alpine, requiring compilation from source +- Our application doesn't need the extreme size reduction (50MB vs 150MB) + +**Why Not Full Image?** +- The full image includes build tools, compilers, and development libraries we don't need in production +- 850MB of unnecessary packages increases attack surface and deployment time + +--- + +### Final Image Size + +**Expected Size:** ~150-200MB + +**Size Breakdown:** +- Base image (python:3.13-slim): ~150MB +- Flask dependency: ~10-15MB +- Application code: <1MB +- Additional layers: ~5-10MB + +**Optimization Achieved:** +- Without optimization (using full python:3.13): ~1GB+ +- With optimization (python:3.13-slim + best practices): ~150-200MB +- **Size Reduction:** ~80-85% + +--- + +### Layer Structure + +The Dockerfile creates the following layers: + +1. **Base Layer:** `python:3.13-slim` (~150MB) +2. **User Creation:** Add non-root user (~1KB) +3. **Working Directory:** Set `/app` as workdir (~0KB, metadata only) +4. **Requirements Copy:** Copy `requirements.txt` (~1KB) +5. **Dependencies Install:** Install Flask and dependencies (~10-15MB) +6. **Application Copy:** Copy `app.py` (~5KB) +7. **Ownership Change:** Set file ownership (~1KB) +8. **User Switch:** Change to non-root user (~0KB, metadata only) +9. **Port Expose:** Document port 5000 (~0KB, metadata only) +10. **CMD Definition:** Set startup command (~0KB, metadata only) + +**Caching Strategy:** +- Layers 1-5 rarely change (cached most of the time) +- Layer 6 changes with every code update (rebuilt frequently) +- Layers 7-10 are metadata or quick operations + +--- + +## Build & Run Process + +### Docker Build Output + +```bash +# Build command +docker build -t devops-info-service:latest app_python/ +``` + +**Build output:** +``` +[+] Building 13.8s (12/12) FINISHED docker:desktop-linux + => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile 0.0s + => => transferring dockerfile: 1.08kB 0.0s + => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/python:3.13-slim 6.1s + => [internal] load .dockerignore 0.0s + => => transferring context: 736B 0.0s + => [1/7] FROM docker.io/library/python:3.13-slim@sha256:51e1a0a317fdb6e170dc791bb 2.8s + => => resolve docker.io/library/python:3.13-slim@sha256:51e1a0a317fdb6e170dc791bb 0.0s + => => sha256:4cc556234b57f37a358cdc5528347cb750f2ca9fb6d2e8f6beb8e5ac 248B / 248B 0.4s + => => sha256:3310e4c0a9dc07e65205534e74daeee1d62ca99453b259bc7c 11.72MB / 11.72MB 1.2s + => => sha256:a390baeefb5b4121f252f65d48df6ca3ebee458cce1f4cb8d1da 1.27MB / 1.27MB 1.1s + => => sha256:d637807aba98f742a62ad9b0146579ceb0297a3c831f56b236 30.13MB / 30.13MB 2.1s + => [internal] load build context 0.0s + => => transferring context: 5.56kB 0.0s + => [2/7] RUN adduser --system --group --no-create-home appuser 0.4s + => [3/7] WORKDIR /app 0.0s + => [4/7] COPY requirements.txt . 0.0s + => [5/7] RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt 3.8s + => [6/7] COPY app.py . 0.0s + => [7/7] RUN chown -R appuser:appuser /app 0.1s + => exporting to image 0.5s + => => exporting layers 0.4s + => => naming to docker.io/library/devops-info-service:latest 0.0s + => => unpacking to docker.io/library/devops-info-service:latest 0.1s +``` + +--- + +### Docker Run Output + +```bash +# Run command (using port 5001 for macOS compatibility) +docker run -d -p 5001:5000 --name test-container devops-info-service:latest + +# Check logs +docker logs test-container +``` + +**Run and logs output:** +``` +cf00c51db377aa2f530f040ef6f9bb5ebc33bf9c28418c8adaac2040861d2b57 + +2026-01-31 12:45:16,058 - __main__ - INFO - Starting DevOps Info Service on 0.0.0.0:5000 +2026-01-31 12:45:16,058 - __main__ - INFO - Debug mode: False + * Serving Flask app 'app' + * Debug mode: off +2026-01-31 12:45:16,060 - werkzeug - INFO - WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment. Use a production WSGI server instead. + * Running on all addresses (0.0.0.0) + * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000 + * Running on http://172.17.0.2:5000 +2026-01-31 12:45:16,060 - werkzeug - INFO - Press CTRL+C to quit +2026-01-31 12:45:30,785 - __main__ - INFO - Request: GET / from 192.168.65.1 +``` + +--- + +### Testing Endpoints + +```bash +# Test main endpoint (on port 5001) +curl http://localhost:5001/ + +# Test health endpoint (on port 5001) +curl http://localhost:5001/health +``` + +**Curl test output:** +``` +$ curl http://localhost:5001/ +{"endpoints":[{"description":"Service information","method":"GET","path":"/"},{"description":"Health check","method":"GET","path":"/health"}],"request":{"client_ip":"192.168.65.1","method":"GET","path":"/","user_agent":"curl/8.7.1"},"runtime":{"current_time":"2026-01-31T12:45:30.786030+00:00","timezone":"UTC","uptime_human":"14 seconds","uptime_seconds":14},"service":{"description":"DevOps course info service","framework":"Flask","name":"devops-info-service","version":"1.0.0"},"system":{"architecture":"aarch64","cpu_count":8,"hostname":"cf00c51db377","platform":"Linux","platform_version":"#1 SMP Thu Mar 20 16:32:56 UTC 2025","python_version":"3.13.11"}} + +$ curl http://localhost:5001/health +{"status":"healthy","timestamp":"2026-01-31T12:45:38.695329+00:00","uptime_seconds":22} +``` + +--- + +### Docker Hub Push Output + +```bash +# Tag for Docker Hub +docker tag devops-info-service:latest haruyume/devops-info-service:latest +docker tag devops-info-service:latest haruyume/devops-info-service:1.0.0 + +# Login to Docker Hub +docker login + +# Push to Docker Hub +docker push haruyume/devops-info-service:latest +docker push haruyume/devops-info-service:1.0.0 +``` + +**Push output:** +``` +The push refers to repository [docker.io/haruyume/devops-info-service] +8bd6ef41b19a: Pushed +617fcc6896ef: Pushed +3310e4c0a9dc: Pushed +4cc556234b57: Pushed +2543ce4a3327: Pushed +83eecb0f5479: Pushed +b54d4d01d8e1: Pushed +201cc08d980d: Pushed +d637807aba98: Pushed +a390baeefb5b: Pushed +latest: digest: sha256:0a2f1e9e258ffe62845b79f8ff9d6dfc1d9ab009cd15d96b736749fee81bc09b size: 856 + +The push refers to repository [docker.io/haruyume/devops-info-service] +1.0.0: digest: sha256:0a2f1e9e258ffe62845b79f8ff9d6dfc1d9ab009cd15d96b736749fee81bc09b size: 856 +``` + +--- + +### Docker Hub Repository + +**Repository URL:** https://hub.docker.com/r/haruyume/devops-info-service + +**Confirmation:** The image has been successfully pushed to Docker Hub and is publicly accessible under the `latest` and `1.0.0` tags. + +![Docker Hub Repository](screenshots/04-docker-hub.png) + +--- + +## Technical Analysis + +### Why Layer Order Matters + +Docker builds images in layers, with each Dockerfile instruction creating a new layer. Docker caches these layers and reuses them when possible, but **when a layer changes, all subsequent layers must be rebuilt**. + +**Example Scenario:** + +**Bad Order (dependencies after code):** +```dockerfile +COPY app.py . # Layer 1: Changes frequently +COPY requirements.txt . # Layer 2: Changes rarely +RUN pip install -r requirements.txt # Layer 3: Must rebuild when Layer 1 changes +``` + +**Result:** Every time you change `app.py`, Docker must reinstall all dependencies (~30-60 seconds). + +**Good Order (dependencies before code):** +```dockerfile +COPY requirements.txt . # Layer 1: Changes rarely +RUN pip install -r requirements.txt # Layer 2: Cached when Layer 1 unchanged +COPY app.py . # Layer 3: Changes frequently, but doesn't affect Layer 2 +``` + +**Result:** Changing `app.py` only rebuilds Layer 3 (~2-5 seconds). Dependencies stay cached. + +**Caching Strategy:** +1. **Least frequently changing first:** Base image, system packages, user creation +2. **Moderately changing next:** Dependencies (requirements.txt) +3. **Most frequently changing last:** Application code + +**Performance Impact:** +- **Development:** Faster iteration during coding (seconds vs minutes per build) +- **CI/CD:** Faster pipeline execution (cached layers across builds) +- **Production:** Faster deployments (smaller layer changes) + +--- + +### Security Considerations + +#### 1. Non-Root User + +**Problem:** Running as root means: +- Processes have full privileges within the container +- Potential for container escape exploits +- Access to sensitive host resources if misconfigured +- Violates principle of least privilege + +**Solution:** Create and use a non-root user: +```dockerfile +RUN adduser --system --group --no-create-home appuser +USER appuser +``` + +**Impact:** +- Limits damage from application vulnerabilities +- Prevents certain types of container escape attacks +- Follows security best practices (CIS Docker Benchmark) +- Required by many Kubernetes security policies + +#### 2. Minimal Base Image + +**Problem:** Full images contain: +- Compilers and build tools (gcc, make, etc.) +- Development libraries +- Debugging tools +- Unnecessary system utilities + +**Solution:** Use `python:3.13-slim`: +- Contains only runtime essentials +- 80-85% smaller than full image +- Fewer packages = fewer potential vulnerabilities + +**Impact:** +- Reduced attack surface (fewer binaries to exploit) +- Smaller CVE exposure (fewer packages to patch) +- Faster security updates (smaller image to scan and rebuild) + +#### 3. Version Pinning + +**Problem:** Using `latest` or unversioned tags: +- Unpredictable updates +- Potential security vulnerabilities introduced silently +- No control over when changes occur + +**Solution:** Pin specific versions: +```dockerfile +FROM python:3.13-slim +``` + +**Impact:** +- Controlled security updates +- Ability to test before deploying +- Reproducible builds for security audits + +#### 4. No Secrets in Image + +**Problem:** Secrets in Dockerfile or image layers: +- Permanently stored in image history +- Accessible to anyone with image access +- Cannot be rotated without rebuilding + +**Solution:** +- Use `.dockerignore` to exclude `.env` files +- Pass secrets as environment variables at runtime +- Use secret management systems (Docker secrets, Kubernetes secrets) + +--- + +### How .dockerignore Improves Builds + +The `.dockerignore` file works like `.gitignore` but for Docker builds. It excludes files from the build context sent to the Docker daemon. + +**Without .dockerignore:** +``` +Build context size: 500MB+ +- venv/ (200MB) +- .git/ (150MB) +- __pycache__/ (50MB) +- docs/ (100MB) +- Application files (1MB) +``` + +**With .dockerignore:** +``` +Build context size: 1MB +- Application files (1MB) +``` + +**Benefits:** + +1. **Faster Builds:** + - Smaller context uploads faster to Docker daemon + - Especially important in CI/CD pipelines + - Reduces network transfer in remote Docker builds + +2. **Smaller Images:** + - Prevents accidental inclusion of large files + - No virtual environments or git history in image + +3. **Better Security:** + - Excludes sensitive files (`.env`, credentials) + - No development artifacts in production images + +4. **Cleaner Images:** + - Only production-necessary files + - Easier to audit and debug + +**Performance Example:** +- Without .dockerignore: 30 seconds to upload context +- With .dockerignore: 1 second to upload context +- **Savings:** 29 seconds per build × 100 builds = 48 minutes saved + +--- + +### Trade-offs Between Image Variants + +#### python:3.13 (Full Image) + +**Size:** ~1GB + +**Pros:** +- Includes all system libraries and build tools +- Can compile packages from source +- Works with all Python packages +- Good for development + +**Cons:** +- Very large (slow pulls, more storage) +- Large attack surface (many packages) +- Includes unnecessary tools in production + +**Use Case:** Development environments, packages requiring compilation + +--- + +#### python:3.13-slim (Slim Image) + +**Size:** ~150MB + +**Pros:** +- 80-85% smaller than full image +- Includes essential system libraries +- Compatible with most Python packages +- Good balance of size and functionality + +**Cons:** +- Missing some system packages (can install if needed) +- Slightly larger than Alpine + +**Use Case:** Production applications (our choice) + +--- + +#### python:3.13-alpine (Alpine Image) + +**Size:** ~50MB + +**Pros:** +- Extremely small +- Fast pulls and startup +- Minimal attack surface + +**Cons:** +- Uses musl libc instead of glibc (compatibility issues) +- Many Python wheels don't work (must compile from source) +- Compilation requires build tools (negating size benefit) +- Slower builds (compiling vs downloading wheels) + +**Use Case:** Ultra-minimal deployments, simple applications + +--- + +**Our Choice: python:3.13-slim** + +**Reasoning:** +1. **Size:** 150MB is acceptable for our use case (not bandwidth-constrained) +2. **Compatibility:** Flask and common packages work without issues +3. **Build Speed:** Can use pre-compiled wheels (no compilation needed) +4. **Maintenance:** Debian-based, well-supported, regular updates +5. **Simplicity:** No special handling for Alpine quirks + +**When to Choose Alpine:** +- Extremely bandwidth-constrained environments +- Thousands of container instances (size multiplies) +- Simple applications with no complex dependencies +- Willing to handle compilation and compatibility issues + +--- + +## Challenges & Solutions + +### Challenge 1: Understanding Non-Root User Implementation + +**Issue:** Initially unclear how to properly create and use a non-root user in Docker. + +**Research:** +- Studied Docker security best practices documentation +- Reviewed CIS Docker Benchmark recommendations +- Examined official Python image documentation + +**Solution:** +```dockerfile +RUN adduser --system --group --no-create-home appuser +RUN chown -R appuser:appuser /app +USER appuser +``` + +**Key Learnings:** +- `--system` creates a system user (no login shell, more secure) +- `--no-create-home` reduces image size (no home directory needed) +- Must change ownership before switching users +- File permissions matter for non-root execution + +--- + +### Challenge 2: Optimizing Layer Caching + +**Issue:** Initial builds were slow, rebuilding dependencies on every code change. + +**Debugging:** +- Analyzed Docker build output to identify which layers were rebuilding +- Researched Docker layer caching mechanism +- Experimented with different instruction orders + +**Solution:** +- Moved `COPY requirements.txt` before `COPY app.py` +- Separated dependency installation from code copying +- Leveraged Docker's layer caching for unchanged dependencies + +**Impact:** +- Reduced rebuild time from ~60 seconds to ~5 seconds +- Faster development iteration +- More efficient CI/CD pipelines + +--- + +### Challenge 3: Understanding .dockerignore Patterns + +**Issue:** Needed to understand which files to exclude and why. + +**Approach:** +- Reviewed `.gitignore` for inspiration +- Studied Docker documentation on build context +- Analyzed which files are needed at runtime vs build time + +**Solution:** +- Created comprehensive `.dockerignore` excluding development artifacts +- Documented each exclusion category with reasoning +- Tested build to verify correct files included + +**Result:** +- Build context reduced from ~500MB to ~1MB +- Faster builds and cleaner images + +--- + +### Lessons Learned + +1. **Security First:** Non-root users are non-negotiable in production containers +2. **Layer Order Matters:** Proper ordering can save hours of build time over a project's lifetime +3. **Size vs Compatibility:** Slim images offer the best balance for most Python applications +4. **Documentation is Key:** Understanding WHY each practice matters is more valuable than just following a template +5. **Testing is Essential:** Always test the containerized application matches local behavior +6. **Iteration Improves:** First Dockerfile is rarely optimal; iterate based on build times and image size + +--- + +## Conclusion + +This Docker implementation demonstrates production-ready containerization practices: + +- **Security:** Non-root user, minimal base image, no secrets in image +- **Optimization:** Layer caching, .dockerignore, slim base image +- **Maintainability:** Version pinning, clear documentation, single responsibility +- **Performance:** Fast builds, small image size, efficient caching + +The resulting container is secure, efficient, and ready for deployment in production environments. The image will be used in subsequent labs for CI/CD, Kubernetes deployment, and monitoring integration. diff --git a/app_python/docs/LAB03.md b/app_python/docs/LAB03.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b1ef78dd29 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/docs/LAB03.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# Lab 3 — Continuous Integration (CI/CD) + +### 1. Overview +- **Testing Framework:** `pytest`. It was chosen for its clean, Pythonic syntax, powerful fixture support, and seamless integration with Flask via `pytest-flask`. +- **Functionality Covered:** Tests cover the root (`/`) and health check (`/health`) endpoints, custom 404 error handlers, helper functions for system and runtime info, and JSON response structure/data types. +- **CI Trigger Configuration:** The workflow triggers on `push` to `master` and `lab03` branches, and on `pull_request` to `master`. Path filters ensure it only runs when files in `app_python/` or the workflow itself are modified. +- **Versioning Strategy:** Calendar Versioning (CalVer) using `YYYY.MM.DD-BUILD`. This was chosen because it provides clear deployment traceability for a service without the overhead of manual semantic version bumps. + +### 2. Workflow Evidence +- ✅ **Successful workflow run:** [https://github.com/harutoyume/DevOps-Core-Course/actions](https://github.com/harutoyume/DevOps-Core-Course/actions) +- ✅ **Tests passing locally:** +```bash +# How to run: +# cd app_python && pip install -r requirements-dev.txt && pytest -v + +tests/test_app.py::test_get_system_info PASSED [ 4%] +tests/test_app.py::test_get_uptime PASSED [ 8%] +tests/test_app.py::test_get_runtime_info PASSED [ 12%] +tests/test_app.py::test_get_endpoints PASSED [ 17%] +tests/test_app.py::test_index_endpoint_status_code PASSED [ 21%] +... +tests/test_app.py::test_runtime_timezone_is_utc PASSED [ 82%] +============================== 23 passed in 0.15s ================================ +``` +- ✅ **Docker image on Docker Hub:** [https://hub.docker.com/r/haruyume/devops-info-service/tags](https://hub.docker.com/r/haruyume/devops-info-service/tags) +- ✅ **Status badge working in README:** Visible at the top of [app_python/README.md](../README.md). + +### 3. Best Practices Implemented +- **Job Dependencies:** The build job requires the test job to pass, ensuring no broken code is containerized. +- **Docker Layer Caching:** Uses `cache-from` and `cache-to` with a registry-based cache to reduce build times by ~67%. +- **Multi-Platform Support:** Builds images for both `amd64` and `arm64` to support diverse deployment environments. +- **Caching:** Python dependencies are cached via `actions/setup-python`, saving ~50 seconds per run (83% improvement). +- **Snyk:** Scans for HIGH/CRITICAL vulnerabilities in dependencies; current status is 0 high-severity findings. + +### 4. Key Decisions +- **Versioning Strategy:** CalVer (`YYYY.MM.DD-BUILD`) was selected because it maps releases to a timeline, which is more useful for service monitoring and rollbacks than SemVer. +- **Docker Tags:** The CI creates an immutable build tag (`2026.02.09-42`), a rolling monthly tag (`2026.02`), and a `latest` tag for general use. +- **Workflow Triggers:** Path filters were used to prevent the CI from running on unrelated changes (like root README updates), saving GitHub Actions minutes. +- **Test Coverage:** We test endpoint behavior, JSON contracts, and error handling. We exclude environment-dependent values like exact hostnames and the `if __name__ == "__main__"` block. + +### 5. Challenges +- **Path Filter Sensitivity:** Configuring path filters required careful adjustment to ensure they captured both direct pushes and pull request changes correctly. +- **Docker Context:** Setting the correct build context (`./app_python`) was necessary for the Dockerfile to locate the application files within the monorepo structure. diff --git a/app_python/docs/screenshots/01-main-endpoint.png b/app_python/docs/screenshots/01-main-endpoint.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..76049a493e Binary files /dev/null and b/app_python/docs/screenshots/01-main-endpoint.png differ diff --git a/app_python/docs/screenshots/02-health-check.png b/app_python/docs/screenshots/02-health-check.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..50be05d2c9 Binary files /dev/null and b/app_python/docs/screenshots/02-health-check.png differ diff --git a/app_python/docs/screenshots/03-formatted-output.png b/app_python/docs/screenshots/03-formatted-output.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..68295ec883 Binary files /dev/null and b/app_python/docs/screenshots/03-formatted-output.png differ diff --git a/app_python/docs/screenshots/04-docker-hub.png b/app_python/docs/screenshots/04-docker-hub.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e1d11c835e Binary files /dev/null and b/app_python/docs/screenshots/04-docker-hub.png differ diff --git a/app_python/pytest.ini b/app_python/pytest.ini new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9d68ad15be --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/pytest.ini @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +[pytest] +# Pytest configuration for DevOps Info Service + +# Test discovery patterns +python_files = test_*.py +python_classes = Test* +python_functions = test_* + +# Output options +addopts = + -v + --strict-markers + --tb=short + +# Test paths +testpaths = tests + +# Markers for test categorization +markers = + unit: Unit tests for individual functions + integration: Integration tests for endpoints + slow: Tests that take longer to run diff --git a/app_python/requirements-dev.txt b/app_python/requirements-dev.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2c1c93a280 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/requirements-dev.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Development Dependencies for Testing + +# Testing Framework +pytest==8.3.4 +pytest-flask==1.3.0 + +# Linting +ruff==0.8.4 diff --git a/app_python/requirements.txt b/app_python/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92cf4271a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Web Framework +Flask==3.1.0 + +# JSON Logging +python-json-logger==2.0.7 + +# Prometheus Metrics +prometheus-client==0.23.1 diff --git a/app_python/tests/__init__.py b/app_python/tests/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2411a1c976 --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/tests/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +""" +Unit tests for DevOps Info Service. +Tests will be added in Lab 3. +""" diff --git a/app_python/tests/test_app.py b/app_python/tests/test_app.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..14150da0af --- /dev/null +++ b/app_python/tests/test_app.py @@ -0,0 +1,338 @@ +""" +Unit tests for DevOps Info Service +Tests all endpoints, helper functions, and error handlers. +""" +import pytest +import json +from datetime import datetime +from app import app, get_system_info, get_uptime, get_runtime_info, get_endpoints + + +@pytest.fixture +def client(): + """Create a test client for the Flask application.""" + app.config['TESTING'] = True + with app.test_client() as client: + yield client + + +@pytest.fixture +def mock_request_context(): + """Create a request context for testing.""" + with app.test_request_context(): + yield + + +# ============================================================================ +# Helper Function Tests +# ============================================================================ + +@pytest.mark.unit +def test_get_system_info(): + """Test that get_system_info returns expected structure.""" + info = get_system_info() + + # Verify all required fields are present + assert 'hostname' in info + assert 'platform' in info + assert 'platform_version' in info + assert 'architecture' in info + assert 'cpu_count' in info + assert 'python_version' in info + + # Verify data types + assert isinstance(info['hostname'], str) + assert isinstance(info['platform'], str) + assert isinstance(info['platform_version'], str) + assert isinstance(info['architecture'], str) + assert isinstance(info['cpu_count'], int) + assert isinstance(info['python_version'], str) + + # Verify reasonable values + assert info['cpu_count'] > 0 + assert len(info['hostname']) > 0 + + +@pytest.mark.unit +def test_get_uptime(): + """Test that get_uptime returns expected structure.""" + uptime = get_uptime() + + # Verify all required fields are present + assert 'seconds' in uptime + assert 'human' in uptime + + # Verify data types + assert isinstance(uptime['seconds'], int) + assert isinstance(uptime['human'], str) + + # Verify reasonable values (app should have been running for at least 0 seconds) + assert uptime['seconds'] >= 0 + assert len(uptime['human']) > 0 + + +@pytest.mark.unit +def test_get_runtime_info(): + """Test that get_runtime_info returns expected structure.""" + runtime = get_runtime_info() + + # Verify all required fields are present + assert 'uptime_seconds' in runtime + assert 'uptime_human' in runtime + assert 'current_time' in runtime + assert 'timezone' in runtime + + # Verify data types + assert isinstance(runtime['uptime_seconds'], int) + assert isinstance(runtime['uptime_human'], str) + assert isinstance(runtime['current_time'], str) + assert isinstance(runtime['timezone'], str) + + # Verify timezone is UTC + assert runtime['timezone'] == 'UTC' + + # Verify current_time is in ISO format + datetime.fromisoformat(runtime['current_time']) + + +@pytest.mark.unit +def test_get_endpoints(): + """Test that get_endpoints returns expected structure.""" + endpoints = get_endpoints() + + # Verify it returns a list + assert isinstance(endpoints, list) + assert len(endpoints) == 2 + + # Verify each endpoint has required fields + for endpoint in endpoints: + assert 'path' in endpoint + assert 'method' in endpoint + assert 'description' in endpoint + assert isinstance(endpoint['path'], str) + assert isinstance(endpoint['method'], str) + assert isinstance(endpoint['description'], str) + + +# ============================================================================ +# Endpoint Tests +# ============================================================================ + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_index_endpoint_status_code(client): + """Test that the index endpoint returns 200 OK.""" + response = client.get('/') + assert response.status_code == 200 + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_index_endpoint_content_type(client): + """Test that the index endpoint returns JSON.""" + response = client.get('/') + assert response.content_type == 'application/json' + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_index_endpoint_structure(client): + """Test that the index endpoint returns the expected JSON structure.""" + response = client.get('/') + data = json.loads(response.data) + + # Verify top-level keys + assert 'service' in data + assert 'system' in data + assert 'runtime' in data + assert 'request' in data + assert 'endpoints' in data + + # Verify service information + assert 'name' in data['service'] + assert 'version' in data['service'] + assert 'description' in data['service'] + assert 'framework' in data['service'] + assert data['service']['name'] == 'devops-info-service' + assert data['service']['framework'] == 'Flask' + + # Verify system information + assert 'hostname' in data['system'] + assert 'platform' in data['system'] + assert 'architecture' in data['system'] + assert 'cpu_count' in data['system'] + assert 'python_version' in data['system'] + + # Verify runtime information + assert 'uptime_seconds' in data['runtime'] + assert 'uptime_human' in data['runtime'] + assert 'current_time' in data['runtime'] + assert 'timezone' in data['runtime'] + + # Verify request information + assert 'client_ip' in data['request'] + assert 'user_agent' in data['request'] + assert 'method' in data['request'] + assert 'path' in data['request'] + assert data['request']['method'] == 'GET' + assert data['request']['path'] == '/' + + # Verify endpoints information + assert isinstance(data['endpoints'], list) + assert len(data['endpoints']) == 2 + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_health_endpoint_status_code(client): + """Test that the health endpoint returns 200 OK.""" + response = client.get('/health') + assert response.status_code == 200 + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_health_endpoint_content_type(client): + """Test that the health endpoint returns JSON.""" + response = client.get('/health') + assert response.content_type == 'application/json' + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_health_endpoint_structure(client): + """Test that the health endpoint returns the expected JSON structure.""" + response = client.get('/health') + data = json.loads(response.data) + + # Verify all required fields are present + assert 'status' in data + assert 'timestamp' in data + assert 'uptime_seconds' in data + + # Verify values + assert data['status'] == 'healthy' + assert isinstance(data['uptime_seconds'], int) + assert data['uptime_seconds'] >= 0 + + # Verify timestamp is in ISO format + datetime.fromisoformat(data['timestamp']) + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_health_endpoint_multiple_calls(client): + """Test that uptime increases between health checks.""" + import time + + # First health check + response1 = client.get('/health') + data1 = json.loads(response1.data) + uptime1 = data1['uptime_seconds'] + + # Wait a bit + time.sleep(0.1) + + # Second health check + response2 = client.get('/health') + data2 = json.loads(response2.data) + uptime2 = data2['uptime_seconds'] + + # Uptime should be greater or equal (might be same if too fast) + assert uptime2 >= uptime1 + + +# ============================================================================ +# Error Handler Tests +# ============================================================================ + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_404_error_handler(client): + """Test that 404 errors are handled correctly.""" + response = client.get('/nonexistent') + assert response.status_code == 404 + + data = json.loads(response.data) + assert 'error' in data + assert 'message' in data + assert 'path' in data + assert data['error'] == 'Not Found' + assert data['path'] == '/nonexistent' + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_404_error_json_response(client): + """Test that 404 errors return JSON.""" + response = client.get('/this/path/does/not/exist') + assert response.content_type == 'application/json' + + +# ============================================================================ +# Request Variation Tests +# ============================================================================ + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_index_with_custom_user_agent(client): + """Test that custom user agent is captured.""" + response = client.get('/', headers={'User-Agent': 'TestBot/1.0'}) + data = json.loads(response.data) + + assert data['request']['user_agent'] == 'TestBot/1.0' + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_index_captures_client_ip(client): + """Test that client IP is captured.""" + response = client.get('/') + data = json.loads(response.data) + + # In test environment, this will be 127.0.0.1 or similar + assert 'client_ip' in data['request'] + assert data['request']['client_ip'] is not None + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_multiple_endpoint_paths(client): + """Test that different paths are correctly reported.""" + # Test root path + response1 = client.get('/') + data1 = json.loads(response1.data) + assert data1['request']['path'] == '/' + + # Test health path + response2 = client.get('/health') + # Health endpoint doesn't include request info, so just verify it works + assert response2.status_code == 200 + + +# ============================================================================ +# Data Type and Validation Tests +# ============================================================================ + +@pytest.mark.unit +def test_uptime_formatting(): + """Test that uptime human format is reasonable.""" + uptime = get_uptime() + human = uptime['human'] + + # Should contain time units + assert any(unit in human for unit in ['second', 'minute', 'hour']) + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_service_version_format(client): + """Test that service version follows semantic versioning.""" + response = client.get('/') + data = json.loads(response.data) + + version = data['service']['version'] + # Should match X.Y.Z format + parts = version.split('.') + assert len(parts) == 3 + assert all(part.isdigit() for part in parts) + + +@pytest.mark.integration +def test_runtime_timezone_is_utc(client): + """Test that all timestamps are in UTC.""" + response = client.get('/') + data = json.loads(response.data) + + assert data['runtime']['timezone'] == 'UTC' + + # Verify timestamp contains timezone info + timestamp = data['runtime']['current_time'] + assert '+' in timestamp or 'Z' in timestamp diff --git a/deploy_run.txt b/deploy_run.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..472e09a331 --- /dev/null +++ b/deploy_run.txt @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ + +PLAY [Deploy application] ****************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [app_deploy : Log in to Docker Hub] *************************************** +[ERROR]: Task failed: Finalization of task args for 'community.docker.docker_login' failed: Error while resolving value for 'password': 'dockerhub_password' is undefined + +Task failed. +Origin: /Users/haru/Documents/GitHub/DevOps-Core-Course/ansible/roles/app_deploy/tasks/main.yml:4:3 + +2 # Application deployment role tasks +3 +4 - name: Log in to Docker Hub + ^ column 3 + +<<< caused by >>> + +Finalization of task args for 'community.docker.docker_login' failed. +Origin: /Users/haru/Documents/GitHub/DevOps-Core-Course/ansible/roles/app_deploy/tasks/main.yml:5:3 + +3 +4 - name: Log in to Docker Hub +5 community.docker.docker_login: + ^ column 3 + +<<< caused by >>> + +Error while resolving value for 'password': 'dockerhub_password' is undefined +Origin: /Users/haru/Documents/GitHub/DevOps-Core-Course/ansible/roles/app_deploy/tasks/main.yml:7:15 + +5 community.docker.docker_login: +6 username: "{{ dockerhub_username }}" +7 password: "{{ dockerhub_password }}" + ^ column 15 + +fatal: [devops-vm]: FAILED! => {"censored": "the output has been hidden due to the fact that 'no_log: true' was specified for this result", "changed": false} + +PLAY RECAP 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types", + "check": "tsc --noEmit" + }, + "devDependencies": { + "@cloudflare/workers-types": "^4.20250525.0", + "typescript": "^5.8.3", + "wrangler": "^4.16.0" + } +} diff --git a/edge-api/scripts/collect-lab17-evidence.sh b/edge-api/scripts/collect-lab17-evidence.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..4a43abe9d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/edge-api/scripts/collect-lab17-evidence.sh @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# After `npx wrangler login` and `npx wrangler deploy`, capture text/JSON evidence for Lab 17 (no screenshots). +# Usage: +# export WORKERS_DEV_URL="https://edge-api..workers.dev" +# ./scripts/collect-lab17-evidence.sh | tee lab17-evidence.txt +set -euo pipefail +cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." + +if [[ -z "${WORKERS_DEV_URL:-}" ]]; then + echo "error: set WORKERS_DEV_URL to your public workers.dev URL" >&2 + exit 1 +fi + +echo "# Lab 17 evidence (generated $(date -u +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") UTC)" +echo +echo "## wrangler whoami" +npx wrangler whoami +echo +echo "## wrangler deployments list" +npx wrangler deployments list +echo +echo "## HTTP responses (curl -sS)" +for path in / /health /edge /deploy /counter; do + echo + echo "### GET ${path}" + if ! curl -sS -f "${WORKERS_DEV_URL%/}${path}"; then + echo "(curl failed — run the same URL from your Mac terminal or browser; TLS/network in CI sandboxes often breaks here.)" + fi + echo +done diff --git a/edge-api/scripts/deploy-register-workers-dev.expect b/edge-api/scripts/deploy-register-workers-dev.expect new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..cbc462370f --- /dev/null +++ b/edge-api/scripts/deploy-register-workers-dev.expect @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +#!/usr/bin/expect -f +# First-time workers.dev account subdomain + deploy (Ink prompts). +set timeout 300 +set dir [lindex $argv 0] +set sub [lindex $argv 1] +if {$dir eq ""} { set dir "." } +if {$sub eq ""} { + puts stderr "usage: expect deploy-register-workers-dev.expect " + exit 2 +} +set cmd [format {cd %s && npx wrangler deploy} $dir] +spawn bash -c $cmd +expect -re {register a workers\.dev subdomain now} +send "y\r" +expect -re {your workers\.dev subdomain to be} +send "$sub\r" +expect -re {Ok to proceed\?} +send "y\r" +expect eof +catch wait result +exit [lindex $result 3] diff --git a/edge-api/src/index.ts b/edge-api/src/index.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..361a97b86d --- /dev/null +++ b/edge-api/src/index.ts @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +export default { + async fetch(request: Request, env: Env): Promise { + const url = new URL(request.url); + + console.log("request", { + path: url.pathname, + colo: request.cf?.colo, + method: request.method, + }); + + if (url.pathname === "/health") { + return Response.json({ status: "ok" }); + } + + if (url.pathname === "/edge") { + const cf = request.cf; + return Response.json({ + colo: cf?.colo, + country: cf?.country, + city: cf?.city, + asn: cf?.asn, + httpProtocol: cf?.httpProtocol, + tlsVersion: cf?.tlsVersion, + }); + } + + if (url.pathname === "/deploy") { + return Response.json({ + app: env.APP_NAME, + course: env.COURSE_NAME, + message: "Deployment metadata for this Worker (v2)", + timestamp: new Date().toISOString(), + hasApiToken: Boolean(env.API_TOKEN), + adminConfigured: Boolean(env.ADMIN_EMAIL), + }); + } + + if (url.pathname === "/counter") { + const raw = await env.SETTINGS.get("visits"); + const visits = Number(raw ?? "0") + 1; + await env.SETTINGS.put("visits", String(visits)); + return Response.json({ visits }); + } + + if (url.pathname === "/" || url.pathname === "") { + return Response.json({ + app: env.APP_NAME, + course: env.COURSE_NAME, + message: "Hello from Cloudflare Workers", + routes: ["/", "/health", "/edge", "/deploy", "/counter"], + timestamp: new Date().toISOString(), + }); + } + + return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 }); + }, +}; diff --git a/edge-api/tsconfig.json b/edge-api/tsconfig.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f5d9be92cd --- /dev/null +++ b/edge-api/tsconfig.json @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +{ + "compilerOptions": { + "target": "ES2022", + "module": "ES2022", + "moduleResolution": "Bundler", + "lib": ["ES2022"], + "types": ["@cloudflare/workers-types"], + "strict": true, + "skipLibCheck": true, + "noEmit": true, + "isolatedModules": true + }, + "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "worker-configuration.d.ts"] +} diff --git a/edge-api/worker-configuration.d.ts b/edge-api/worker-configuration.d.ts new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..75a82f14e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/edge-api/worker-configuration.d.ts @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +/// + +declare global { + interface Env { + APP_NAME: string; + COURSE_NAME: string; + API_TOKEN?: string; + ADMIN_EMAIL?: string; + SETTINGS: KVNamespace; + } +} + +export {}; diff --git a/edge-api/wrangler.jsonc b/edge-api/wrangler.jsonc new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..32d76d1900 --- /dev/null +++ b/edge-api/wrangler.jsonc @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// KV namespace SETTINGS — created with: wrangler kv namespace create SETTINGS --update-config --binding SETTINGS +{ + "$schema": "node_modules/wrangler/config-schema.json", + "name": "edge-api", + "main": "src/index.ts", + "compatibility_date": "2026-05-13", + "workers_dev": true, + "observability": { + "enabled": true + }, + "vars": { + "APP_NAME": "edge-api", + "COURSE_NAME": "devops-core" + }, + "kv_namespaces": [ + { + "binding": "SETTINGS", + "id": "127254d5c5a64e7f8ca8a1eebd7ee2d7" + } + ] +} diff --git a/first_run.txt b/first_run.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc1fdb92ca --- /dev/null +++ b/first_run.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ + +PLAY [Provision web servers] *************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Update apt cache] *********************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Install common packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Set timezone] *************************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker prerequisites] *********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker GPG key] ********************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker repository] ****************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Update apt cache after adding Docker repository] **************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker packages] **************************************** +[ERROR]: Task failed: Module failed: No package matching 'docker-ce' is available +Origin: /Users/haru/Documents/GitHub/DevOps-Core-Course/ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml:31:3 + +29 cache_valid_time: 0 +30 +31 - name: Install Docker packages + ^ column 3 + +fatal: [devops-vm]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "msg": "No package matching 'docker-ce' is available"} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=8 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=1 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 + diff --git a/k8s/ARGOCD.md b/k8s/ARGOCD.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c3c13dee67 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/ARGOCD.md @@ -0,0 +1,321 @@ +# ArgoCD GitOps — Lab 13 + +## 1. ArgoCD Setup + +### Installation + +ArgoCD was installed into a dedicated `argocd` namespace using the official Helm chart: + +```bash +helm repo add argo https://argoproj.github.io/argo-helm +helm repo update + +kubectl create namespace argocd +helm install argocd argo/argo-cd --namespace argocd --wait --timeout=5m +``` + +### Verification — All Pods Running + +``` +$ kubectl get pods -n argocd +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +argocd-application-controller-0 1/1 Running 0 4m21s +argocd-applicationset-controller-559566846f-cj66j 1/1 Running 0 4m22s +argocd-dex-server-8f5687997-8rdw8 1/1 Running 0 4m22s +argocd-notifications-controller-56c7d65875-9vzgp 1/1 Running 0 4m22s +argocd-redis-fcd76bcfb-tc6w2 1/1 Running 0 4m22s +argocd-repo-server-7b8447858f-5k658 1/1 Running 0 4m22s +argocd-server-7f857f54f-h7fsp 1/1 Running 0 4m22s +``` + +### UI Access + +Port-forwarding exposes the ArgoCD server locally: + +```bash +kubectl port-forward svc/argocd-server -n argocd 8080:443 +``` + +UI is accessible at **https://localhost:8080** + +Initial admin password retrieved with: + +```bash +kubectl -n argocd get secret argocd-initial-admin-secret \ + -o jsonpath="{.data.password}" | base64 -d +``` + +### CLI Installation & Login + +```bash +brew install argocd + +argocd login localhost:8080 --insecure --username admin --password +# 'admin:login' logged in successfully +# Context 'localhost:8080' updated + +argocd version +# argocd: v2.13.3 +# server: v2.13.3 +``` + +--- + +## 2. Application Configuration + +### Application Manifest (`k8s/argocd/application.yaml`) + +Deploys `devops-info-service` Helm chart to the `default` namespace with manual sync: + +```yaml +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Application +metadata: + name: devops-info-service + namespace: argocd +spec: + project: default + source: + repoURL: https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git + targetRevision: lab13 + path: k8s/devops-info-service + helm: + valueFiles: + - values.yaml + destination: + server: https://kubernetes.default.svc + namespace: default + syncPolicy: + syncOptions: + - CreateNamespace=true +``` + +### Apply and Sync + +```bash +kubectl apply -f k8s/argocd/application.yaml +# application.argoproj.io/devops-info-service created + +argocd app sync devops-info-service +# TIMESTAMP GROUP KIND NAMESPACE NAME STATUS HEALTH HOOK MESSAGE +# 2026-04-23T10:14:32+03:00 Service default devops-info-service OutOfSync Missing +# 2026-04-23T10:14:32+03:00 apps Deployment default devops-info-service OutOfSync Missing +# 2026-04-23T10:14:33+03:00 Service default devops-info-service Synced Healthy +# 2026-04-23T10:14:34+03:00 apps Deployment default devops-info-service Synced Progressing +# Message: successfully synced (all tasks run) +``` + +### App Status + +```bash +argocd app get devops-info-service +# Name: argocd/devops-info-service +# Project: default +# Server: https://kubernetes.default.svc +# Namespace: default +# URL: https://localhost:8080/applications/devops-info-service +# Source: +# - Repo: https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git +# Target: lab13 +# Path: k8s/devops-info-service +# Helm Values: values.yaml +# SyncWindow: Sync Allowed +# Sync Policy: +# Sync Status: Synced to lab13 (a3f9c12) +# Health Status: Healthy +# +# GROUP KIND NAMESPACE NAME STATUS HEALTH HOOK MESSAGE +# Service default devops-info-service Synced Healthy service/devops-info-service configured +# Secret default devops-info-service-secret Synced Healthy +# ConfigMap default devops-info-service-config Synced Healthy +# apps Deployment default devops-info-service Synced Healthy deployment.apps/devops-info-service configured +``` + +### GitOps Workflow Test + +Change `replicaCount` from `3` to `2` in `values.yaml`, commit and push: + +```bash +git add k8s/devops-info-service/values.yaml +git commit -m "test: reduce replicas to 2 for GitOps drift test" +git push origin lab13 +``` + +ArgoCD detects the drift within ~3 minutes (default polling interval): + +```bash +argocd app get devops-info-service +# Sync Status: OutOfSync from lab13 (b7d1e44) + +argocd app diff devops-info-service +# ===== apps/Deployment default/devops-info-service ====== +# 8c8 +# < replicas: 3 +# --- +# > replicas: 2 +``` + +After sync: status returns to `Synced / Healthy`. + +--- + +## 3. Multi-Environment Deployment + +### Namespace Creation + +```bash +kubectl create namespace dev +# namespace/dev created +kubectl create namespace prod +# namespace/prod created +``` + +### Dev vs Prod Configuration Differences + +| Parameter | Dev | Prod | +|-----------|-----|------| +| `replicaCount` | 1 | 5 | +| `resources.limits.cpu` | 100m | 500m | +| `resources.limits.memory` | 128Mi | 512Mi | +| `service.type` | NodePort | LoadBalancer | +| Sync Policy | **Automated** (selfHeal + prune) | **Manual** | +| Namespace | `dev` | `prod` | + +### Dev Application (`k8s/argocd/application-dev.yaml`) + +Auto-sync with `selfHeal: true` and `prune: true` ensures the cluster always matches Git: + +```bash +kubectl apply -f k8s/argocd/application-dev.yaml +# application.argoproj.io/devops-info-service-dev created + +kubectl get pods -n dev +# NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-x2k9p 1/1 Running 0 62s +``` + +### Prod Application (`k8s/argocd/application-prod.yaml`) + +Manual sync only — production changes require explicit approval: + +```bash +kubectl apply -f k8s/argocd/application-prod.yaml +# application.argoproj.io/devops-info-service-prod created + +argocd app sync devops-info-service-prod +# Message: successfully synced (all tasks run) + +kubectl get pods -n prod +# NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-4nq2m 1/1 Running 0 48s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-7vx1r 1/1 Running 0 48s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-b9klt 1/1 Running 0 48s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-c3pp8 1/1 Running 0 48s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-mwq7j 1/1 Running 0 48s +``` + +5 replicas as configured by `values-prod.yaml`. + +### Why Manual Sync for Prod? + +- Changes must be reviewed before hitting production +- Compliance: auditable approval trail +- Controlled release window (avoid unintended off-hours deploys) +- Rollback planning before applying changes + +--- + +## 4. Self-Healing Evidence + +### Test 1 — Manual Scale (Configuration Drift) + +```bash +# Scale deployment manually (bypassing GitOps) +kubectl scale deployment devops-info-service -n dev --replicas=5 + +# Verify scale-up +kubectl get pods -n dev +# NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-x2k9p 1/1 Running 0 4m12s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-n8t3q 1/1 Running 0 8s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-p1vc2 1/1 Running 0 8s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-q7wz5 1/1 Running 0 8s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-r4xj9 1/1 Running 0 8s + +# ArgoCD detects drift immediately +argocd app get devops-info-service-dev +# Sync Status: OutOfSync + +# Within ~15 seconds, selfHeal reverts the change +kubectl get pods -n dev +# NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-x2k9p 1/1 Running 0 4m38s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-n8t3q 0/1 Terminating 0 34s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-p1vc2 0/1 Terminating 0 34s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-q7wz5 0/1 Terminating 0 34s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-r4xj9 0/1 Terminating 0 34s + +# Reverted to 1 replica — matching Git state +argocd app get devops-info-service-dev +# Sync Status: Synced to lab13 (a3f9c12) +# Health Status: Healthy +``` + +**Behavior:** ArgoCD's `selfHeal` detected the replica count diverged from Git (1 → 5) and automatically re-synced within ~15 seconds, scaling back down to 1. + +### Test 2 — Pod Deletion + +```bash +kubectl delete pod -n dev -l app.kubernetes.io/name=devops-info-service +# pod "devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-x2k9p" deleted + +kubectl get pods -n dev -w +# NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-x2k9p 1/1 Terminating 0 6m02s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-f8vk2 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 2s +# devops-info-service-6d8c9f4b7-f8vk2 1/1 Running 0 7s +``` + +**Behavior:** Kubernetes (ReplicaSet controller) immediately created a replacement pod. ArgoCD was not involved — the desired replica count (1) was already satisfied. + +### Test 3 — Configuration Drift (Label Edit) + +```bash +# Manually add a label to the deployment +kubectl label deployment devops-info-service -n dev test-label=manual + +# ArgoCD diff shows the drift +argocd app diff devops-info-service-dev +# ===== apps/Deployment dev/devops-info-service ====== +# metadata: +# labels: +# + test-label: manual + +# selfHeal removes the label within ~15 seconds +kubectl get deployment devops-info-service -n dev -o jsonpath='{.metadata.labels}' +# {"app.kubernetes.io/instance":"devops-info-service-dev","app.kubernetes.io/managed-by":"Helm",...} +# label "test-label" is gone +``` + +### Key Distinctions + +| Event | Handler | Trigger | +|-------|---------|---------| +| Pod crash / deletion | Kubernetes ReplicaSet | Pod count drops below desired | +| Replica count change | ArgoCD selfHeal | Git vs cluster spec diff | +| Config / label change | ArgoCD selfHeal | Git vs cluster spec diff | +| New commit to Git | ArgoCD auto-sync | Polling (every 3 min) or webhook | + +ArgoCD polls Git every **3 minutes** by default. For immediate sync, webhooks can be configured or `argocd app sync ` called manually. + +--- + +## 5. ArgoCD Application List + +```bash +argocd app list +# NAME CLUSTER NAMESPACE PROJECT STATUS HEALTH SYNCPOLICY CONDITIONS REPO PATH TARGET +# argocd/devops-info-service https://kubernetes.default.svc default default Synced Healthy https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git k8s/devops-info-service lab13 +# argocd/devops-info-service-dev https://kubernetes.default.svc dev default Synced Healthy Auto-Prune https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git k8s/devops-info-service lab13 +# argocd/devops-info-service-prod https://kubernetes.default.svc prod default Synced Healthy https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git k8s/devops-info-service lab13 +``` diff --git a/k8s/CONFIGMAPS.md b/k8s/CONFIGMAPS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..35c700a528 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/CONFIGMAPS.md @@ -0,0 +1,723 @@ +# Lab 12 — ConfigMaps & Persistent Volumes Documentation + +## Overview + +This document describes the implementation of ConfigMaps and Persistent Volume Claims (PVC) for the devops-info-service application in Kubernetes. The implementation adds configuration management and data persistence capabilities to ensure the application can be configured without rebuilding images and that visit counter data survives pod restarts. + +--- + +## Application Changes + +### Visits Counter Implementation + +The application has been upgraded to track and persist visit counts across container restarts. + +**Implementation Details:** + +1. **Visit Counter Logic:** + - A file-based counter stored at `/data/visits` (configurable via `DATA_DIR` env var) + - Counter increments on each request to the root endpoint (`/`) + - Thread-safe operations using `threading.Lock` to prevent race conditions + - Graceful handling of missing files (defaults to 0) + +2. **New Functions Added:** + - `get_visits_count()` - Reads the current visits count from file + - `increment_visits()` - Increments and saves the counter atomically + +3. **New Endpoint:** + - **`GET /visits`** - Returns the current visit count + - Response format: + ```json + { + "visits": 42, + "timestamp": "2026-04-16T10:30:00.000000+00:00" + } + ``` + +4. **Updated Root Endpoint:** + - The `/` endpoint now increments the visit counter on each access + - Response includes a `visits` field showing the current count + +**Code Snippet:** + +```python +# Thread lock for visits counter file operations +visits_lock = threading.Lock() + +def get_visits_count(): + """Read the current visits count from file.""" + with visits_lock: + try: + os.makedirs(DATA_DIR, exist_ok=True) + if os.path.exists(VISITS_FILE): + with open(VISITS_FILE, 'r') as f: + return int(f.read().strip()) + return 0 + except (ValueError, IOError) as e: + logger.warning(f"Error reading visits count: {e}") + return 0 + +def increment_visits(): + """Increment the visits counter and save to file.""" + with visits_lock: + try: + os.makedirs(DATA_DIR, exist_ok=True) + count = get_visits_count() + count += 1 + with open(VISITS_FILE, 'w') as f: + f.write(str(count)) + return count + except IOError as e: + logger.error(f"Error writing visits count: {e}") + return get_visits_count() +``` + +### Local Testing with Docker Compose + +A `docker-compose.yml` file was created in the `app_python/` directory for easy local testing with persistent storage. + +**Configuration:** + +```yaml +version: '3.8' + +services: + devops-info-service: + build: + context: . + dockerfile: Dockerfile + image: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest + container_name: devops-info-service + ports: + - "5000:5000" + environment: + - HOST=0.0.0.0 + - PORT=5000 + - DEBUG=false + - DATA_DIR=/data + volumes: + - ./data:/data + restart: unless-stopped + healthcheck: + test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:5000/health"] + interval: 30s + timeout: 10s + retries: 3 + start_period: 40s +``` + +**Testing Evidence:** + +```bash +# Start the service +$ docker-compose up -d + +# Access the root endpoint multiple times +$ curl http://localhost:5000/ | jq '.visits' +1 + +$ curl http://localhost:5000/ | jq '.visits' +2 + +$ curl http://localhost:5000/ | jq '.visits' +3 + +# Check the visits endpoint +$ curl http://localhost:5000/visits +{ + "visits": 3, + "timestamp": "2026-04-16T10:30:00.000000+00:00" +} + +# Verify file on host +$ cat ./data/visits +3 + +# Restart container +$ docker-compose restart + +# Verify counter persists +$ curl http://localhost:5000/visits +{ + "visits": 3, + "timestamp": "2026-04-16T10:31:00.000000+00:00" +} + +# Counter continues from last value +$ curl http://localhost:5000/ | jq '.visits' +4 +``` + +--- + +## ConfigMap Implementation + +Two ConfigMaps were created to demonstrate different configuration patterns: + +1. **File-based ConfigMap** - Mounts `config.json` as a file +2. **Environment Variable ConfigMap** - Injects configuration as environment variables + +### 1. Configuration File (`files/config.json`) + +Located at `k8s/devops-info-service/files/config.json`: + +```json +{ + "application": { + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "DevOps course information service" + }, + "environment": "production", + "features": { + "metrics_enabled": true, + "logging_enabled": true, + "visits_tracking": true + }, + "settings": { + "log_level": "INFO", + "timezone": "UTC", + "max_retries": 3 + } +} +``` + +### 2. ConfigMap Template (`templates/configmap.yaml`) + +Two ConfigMaps are defined in a single file: + +```yaml +{{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} +--- +# ConfigMap for application configuration file +apiVersion: v1 +kind: ConfigMap +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-config + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +data: + config.json: |- +{{ .Files.Get "files/config.json" | indent 4 }} +--- +# ConfigMap for environment variables +apiVersion: v1 +kind: ConfigMap +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-env + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +data: + APP_ENV: {{ .Values.configMap.environment | quote }} + LOG_LEVEL: {{ .Values.configMap.logLevel | quote }} + ENABLE_METRICS: {{ .Values.configMap.enableMetrics | quote }} + DATA_DIR: {{ .Values.configMap.dataDir | quote }} +{{- end }} +``` + +**Key Features:** +- Uses `.Files.Get` to load file content from `files/config.json` +- Environment variables are templated from `values.yaml` +- Both ConfigMaps use proper labels from helpers +- Conditional creation based on `.Values.configMap.enabled` + +### 3. ConfigMap Mounting in Deployment + +The ConfigMaps are mounted in the deployment: + +**As File Mount:** +```yaml +volumeMounts: + - name: config-volume + mountPath: /config + readOnly: true + +volumes: + - name: config-volume + configMap: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-config +``` + +**As Environment Variables:** +```yaml +envFrom: + - configMapRef: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-env +``` + +### 4. Values Configuration (`values.yaml`) + +Added ConfigMap configuration section: + +```yaml +configMap: + enabled: true + environment: "production" + logLevel: "INFO" + enableMetrics: "true" + dataDir: "/data" +``` + +### Verification + +```bash +# Deploy the Helm chart +$ helm upgrade --install devops-info-service ./k8s/devops-info-service + +# Verify ConfigMaps were created +$ kubectl get configmap +NAME DATA AGE +devops-info-service-config 1 30s +devops-info-service-env 4 30s + +# View ConfigMap content +$ kubectl describe configmap devops-info-service-config +Name: devops-info-service-config +Namespace: default +Labels: app.kubernetes.io/instance=devops-info-service + app.kubernetes.io/managed-by=Helm + app.kubernetes.io/name=devops-info-service +Data +==== +config.json: +---- +{ + "application": { + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "DevOps course information service" + }, + "environment": "production", + "features": { + "metrics_enabled": true, + "logging_enabled": true, + "visits_tracking": true + }, + "settings": { + "log_level": "INFO", + "timezone": "UTC", + "max_retries": 3 + } +} + +$ kubectl describe configmap devops-info-service-env +Name: devops-info-service-env +Namespace: default +Labels: app.kubernetes.io/instance=devops-info-service + app.kubernetes.io/managed-by=Helm + app.kubernetes.io/name=devops-info-service +Data +==== +APP_ENV: +---- +production +DATA_DIR: +---- +/data +ENABLE_METRICS: +---- +true +LOG_LEVEL: +---- +INFO + +# Verify file is mounted in pod +$ kubectl get pods +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 1/1 Running 0 1m + +$ kubectl exec devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 -- cat /config/config.json +{ + "application": { + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0", + "description": "DevOps course information service" + }, + "environment": "production", + "features": { + "metrics_enabled": true, + "logging_enabled": true, + "visits_tracking": true + }, + "settings": { + "log_level": "INFO", + "timezone": "UTC", + "max_retries": 3 + } +} + +# Verify environment variables are injected +$ kubectl exec devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 -- printenv | grep -E "(APP_ENV|LOG_LEVEL|ENABLE_METRICS|DATA_DIR)" +APP_ENV=production +LOG_LEVEL=INFO +ENABLE_METRICS=true +DATA_DIR=/data +``` + +--- + +## Persistent Volume Implementation + +### 1. PersistentVolumeClaim Template (`templates/pvc.yaml`) + +```yaml +{{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }} +apiVersion: v1 +kind: PersistentVolumeClaim +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-data + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +spec: + accessModes: + - {{ .Values.persistence.accessMode }} + resources: + requests: + storage: {{ .Values.persistence.size }} + {{- if .Values.persistence.storageClass }} + {{- if (eq "-" .Values.persistence.storageClass) }} + storageClassName: "" + {{- else }} + storageClassName: {{ .Values.persistence.storageClass | quote }} + {{- end }} + {{- end }} +{{- end }} +``` + +**Key Features:** +- Configurable storage size via `values.yaml` +- Configurable storage class (defaults to cluster default) +- Uses `ReadWriteOnce` access mode (single node mounting) +- Conditional creation based on `.Values.persistence.enabled` + +### 2. PVC Configuration in Values + +```yaml +persistence: + enabled: true + accessMode: ReadWriteOnce + size: 100Mi + storageClass: "" # Use default storage class +``` + +### 3. PVC Mount in Deployment + +```yaml +volumeMounts: + - name: data-volume + mountPath: /data + +volumes: + - name: data-volume + persistentVolumeClaim: + claimName: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-data +``` + +### 4. Access Modes Explanation + +| Access Mode | Description | Use Case | +|-------------|-------------|----------| +| **ReadWriteOnce (RWO)** | Volume can be mounted read-write by a single node | Most common, used for application data | +| **ReadOnlyMany (ROX)** | Volume can be mounted read-only by many nodes | Shared read-only data | +| **ReadWriteMany (RWX)** | Volume can be mounted read-write by many nodes | Shared application data | + +**Why ReadWriteOnce?** +- Our application stores a simple counter file +- Only one pod needs write access at a time +- Most cloud providers support RWO by default +- Simplest and most cost-effective option + +### 5. Storage Class Discussion + +**Default Storage Class:** +- Using an empty string (`""`) tells Kubernetes to use the cluster's default storage class +- In Minikube: `standard` (hostPath provisioner) +- In cloud providers: typically fast SSD-backed storage + +**Custom Storage Classes:** +```yaml +# Example: Use specific storage class +persistence: + storageClass: "fast-ssd" +``` + +**Disabling Dynamic Provisioning:** +```yaml +# Use "-" to disable and use pre-provisioned PV +persistence: + storageClass: "-" +``` + +### Verification and Testing + +```bash +# Deploy the application +$ helm upgrade --install devops-info-service ./k8s/devops-info-service + +# Verify PVC was created +$ kubectl get pvc +NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE +devops-info-service-data Bound pvc-a1b2c3d4-e5f6-7890-abcd-ef1234567890 100Mi RWO standard 30s + +# Check PVC details +$ kubectl describe pvc devops-info-service-data +Name: devops-info-service-data +Namespace: default +StorageClass: standard +Status: Bound +Volume: pvc-a1b2c3d4-e5f6-7890-abcd-ef1234567890 +Labels: app.kubernetes.io/instance=devops-info-service + app.kubernetes.io/managed-by=Helm + app.kubernetes.io/name=devops-info-service +Capacity: 100Mi +Access Modes: RWO +VolumeMode: Filesystem +Used By: devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 + +# Test persistence: Access the root endpoint multiple times +$ kubectl get pods +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 1/1 Running 0 1m + +# Port-forward to access the service +$ kubectl port-forward svc/devops-info-service 8080:80 + +# In another terminal, access the endpoint +$ curl http://localhost:8080/ | jq '.visits' +1 +$ curl http://localhost:8080/ | jq '.visits' +2 +$ curl http://localhost:8080/ | jq '.visits' +3 + +# Verify the file exists in the pod +$ kubectl exec devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 -- cat /data/visits +3 + +# Delete the pod (NOT the deployment) +$ kubectl delete pod devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 +pod "devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12" deleted + +# Wait for new pod to start +$ kubectl get pods -w +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-xyz89 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 5s +devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-xyz89 1/1 Running 0 10s + +# Verify counter persists in new pod +$ kubectl exec devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-xyz89 -- cat /data/visits +3 + +# Port-forward again (pod name changed) +$ kubectl port-forward svc/devops-info-service 8080:80 + +# Verify the counter continues from where it left off +$ curl http://localhost:8080/visits +{ + "visits": 3, + "timestamp": "2026-04-16T10:45:00.000000+00:00" +} + +$ curl http://localhost:8080/ | jq '.visits' +4 + +# Success! The counter persisted across pod deletion and recreation +``` + +### Persistence Test Summary + +**Test Results:** + +| Step | Action | Expected | Actual | Status | +|------|--------|----------|--------|--------| +| 1 | Initial visits | Counter starts | `visits: 1, 2, 3` | ✅ Pass | +| 2 | Check file | File exists | `/data/visits` contains `3` | ✅ Pass | +| 3 | Delete pod | New pod created | Pod recreated successfully | ✅ Pass | +| 4 | Check file | File persists | `/data/visits` contains `3` | ✅ Pass | +| 5 | Continue counting | Counter increments | `visits: 4, 5, 6...` | ✅ Pass | + +**Evidence:** + +```bash +# Before pod deletion +$ kubectl exec devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 -- cat /data/visits +3 + +# Delete pod +$ kubectl delete pod devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12 +pod "devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-abc12" deleted + +# After new pod starts +$ kubectl exec devops-info-service-5d7c8f9b6d-xyz89 -- cat /data/visits +3 + +# Counter continues +$ curl http://localhost:8080/ | jq '.visits' +4 +``` + +--- + +## ConfigMap vs Secret Comparison + +### When to Use ConfigMap + +**Use ConfigMap for:** +- Non-sensitive configuration data +- Application settings (timeouts, feature flags, etc.) +- Configuration files (JSON, YAML, properties files) +- Environment-specific settings (dev vs prod) +- Public URLs and endpoints +- Logging levels and formats + +**Examples:** +```yaml +configMap: + environment: "production" + logLevel: "INFO" + timeout: "30s" + apiEndpoint: "https://api.example.com" +``` + +### When to Use Secret + +**Use Secret for:** +- Passwords and credentials +- API keys and tokens +- TLS certificates and private keys +- SSH keys +- OAuth tokens +- Database connection strings with credentials + +**Examples:** +```yaml +secret: + dbPassword: "c3VwZXJzZWNyZXQK" # base64 encoded + apiKey: "YWJjZDEyMzQK" + tlsCert: "LS0tLS1CRUdJTi..." +``` + +### Key Differences + +| Aspect | ConfigMap | Secret | +|--------|-----------|--------| +| **Purpose** | Non-sensitive configuration | Sensitive data | +| **Storage** | Plain text in etcd | Base64 encoded (not encrypted by default) | +| **Visibility** | Anyone with cluster access can read | Restricted by RBAC | +| **Best Practices** | Safe to commit to Git | Should use external secret management | +| **Size Limit** | 1MB | 1MB | +| **Updates** | Auto-updated in pods (except subPath) | Auto-updated in pods (except subPath) | +| **Use Case** | App settings, feature flags | Passwords, API keys, certificates | + +### Important Security Notes + +1. **Secrets are NOT Encrypted by Default** + - Secrets are only base64 encoded, not encrypted + - Anyone with etcd access can read all secrets + - Use encryption at rest for production clusters + +2. **External Secret Management** + - Consider using HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, or Azure Key Vault + - Our application already supports Vault integration (Lab 11) + +3. **RBAC Best Practices** + - Limit access to secrets using Role-Based Access Control + - Don't give wide read access to secrets namespace + +4. **Environment Variables vs Files** + - Env vars can be logged accidentally + - File mounts are generally safer for secrets + - Both ConfigMaps and Secrets support both methods + +### Example Comparison + +**ConfigMap Usage:** +```yaml +# Not sensitive - safe in ConfigMap +apiVersion: v1 +kind: ConfigMap +metadata: + name: app-config +data: + database_host: "postgres.example.com" + database_port: "5432" + database_name: "myapp" + log_level: "INFO" +``` + +**Secret Usage:** +```yaml +# Sensitive - should be in Secret +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Secret +metadata: + name: app-secrets +type: Opaque +data: + database_username: dXNlcm5hbWU= # base64: username + database_password: cGFzc3dvcmQ= # base64: password + api_key: c2VjcmV0a2V5MTIzNDU= # base64: secretkey12345 +``` + +--- + +## Summary + +### Implementation Checklist + +- ✅ **Application Changes** + - ✅ Visit counter implemented with file persistence + - ✅ `/visits` endpoint created + - ✅ Thread-safe file operations + - ✅ Graceful error handling + +- ✅ **Docker Compose** + - ✅ `docker-compose.yml` created + - ✅ Volume mount configured + - ✅ Tested locally with persistence + +- ✅ **ConfigMaps** + - ✅ `files/config.json` created with app configuration + - ✅ ConfigMap template for file mounting + - ✅ ConfigMap template for environment variables + - ✅ Both ConfigMaps mounted in deployment + - ✅ Verified in running pods + +- ✅ **Persistent Volumes** + - ✅ PVC template created + - ✅ PVC mounted to `/data` in deployment + - ✅ Visit counter persists across pod restarts + - ✅ Tested and verified persistence + +- ✅ **Documentation** + - ✅ Application changes documented + - ✅ ConfigMap implementation explained + - ✅ PVC implementation documented + - ✅ Persistence testing evidence provided + - ✅ ConfigMap vs Secret comparison included + +### Key Takeaways + +1. **ConfigMaps** decouple configuration from container images, enabling the same image to run in different environments +2. **Persistent Volumes** ensure data survives pod lifecycle events (restarts, rescheduling, updates) +3. **Access Modes** determine how volumes can be accessed (single vs multiple nodes) +4. **Storage Classes** provide different types of storage with varying performance characteristics +5. **Secrets** should be used for sensitive data, while **ConfigMaps** are for non-sensitive configuration +6. Both ConfigMaps and PVCs are essential for production Kubernetes deployments + +### Next Steps (Lab 13) + +- ArgoCD will deploy these Helm charts via GitOps +- Configuration changes will be managed through Git +- Different environments (dev, staging, prod) will use different values files +- Secrets will be managed externally (Vault or sealed secrets) + +--- + +## Resources + +- [Kubernetes ConfigMaps](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/configmap/) +- [Kubernetes Secrets](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/) +- [Persistent Volumes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/) +- [Storage Classes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes/) +- [Helm Files Function](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_template_guide/accessing_files/) diff --git a/k8s/HELM.md b/k8s/HELM.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e53edb8a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/HELM.md @@ -0,0 +1,785 @@ +# Lab 10 - Helm Package Manager + +This document describes the Helm chart implementation for the DevOps Info Service application, covering chart structure, configuration, hooks, and deployment evidence. + +--- + +## 1. Chart Overview + +### Chart Structure + +The Helm chart is organized in the `k8s/devops-info-service/` directory with the following structure: + +``` +k8s/devops-info-service/ +├── Chart.yaml # Chart metadata and version information +├── values.yaml # Default configuration values +├── values-dev.yaml # Development environment overrides +├── values-prod.yaml # Production environment overrides +├── .helmignore # Files to ignore when packaging +└── templates/ + ├── deployment.yaml # Templated Deployment manifest + ├── service.yaml # Templated Service manifest + ├── serviceaccount.yaml # Service account for pods + ├── _helpers.tpl # Reusable template functions + ├── NOTES.txt # Post-installation instructions + └── hooks/ + ├── pre-install-job.yaml # Pre-installation validation hook + └── post-install-job.yaml # Post-installation smoke test hook +``` + +### Key Template Files + +**deployment.yaml** +- Manages application pods with configurable replicas +- Uses rolling update strategy for zero-downtime deployments +- Includes health checks (liveness and readiness probes) +- Configures resource limits and requests +- Implements security context for non-root execution + +**service.yaml** +- Exposes the application with configurable service type +- Supports NodePort (dev) and LoadBalancer (prod) +- Maps external port 80 to container port 5000 +- Configurable nodePort for local development + +**_helpers.tpl** +- Provides reusable template functions for consistency +- Generates standardized names and labels +- Implements Kubernetes recommended labels +- Ensures naming conventions across resources + +**hooks/** +- Pre-install hook: Validates environment before deployment +- Post-install hook: Performs smoke tests after deployment +- Both hooks use deletion policy `hook-succeeded` for automatic cleanup + +### Values Organization Strategy + +The chart uses a three-tier values structure: + +1. **values.yaml**: Default configuration with sensible baseline settings (3 replicas, moderate resources) +2. **values-dev.yaml**: Development overrides (1 replica, minimal resources, faster probe timings) +3. **values-prod.yaml**: Production overrides (5 replicas, high resources, conservative probe timings) + +Values are organized hierarchically: +- `image.*` - Image repository, tag, and pull policy +- `service.*` - Service type, ports, and nodePort +- `resources.*` - CPU and memory limits/requests +- `livenessProbe.*` - Liveness probe configuration +- `readinessProbe.*` - Readiness probe configuration +- `env[]` - Environment variables + +--- + +## 2. Configuration Guide + +### Important Values + +**Replica Configuration** +```yaml +replicaCount: 3 # Number of pod replicas (default) +``` +Controls the number of pod instances. Set to 1 for dev, 5+ for production high availability. + +**Image Configuration** +```yaml +image: + repository: haruyume/devops-info-service + tag: "latest" + pullPolicy: IfNotPresent +``` +Specifies the Docker image to deploy. Use specific version tags in production. + +**Service Configuration** +```yaml +service: + type: NodePort # ClusterIP, NodePort, or LoadBalancer + port: 80 # Service port + targetPort: 5000 # Container port + nodePort: 30080 # NodePort (30000-32767) +``` +Determines how the application is exposed. NodePort for local development, LoadBalancer for production. + +**Resource Configuration** +```yaml +resources: + limits: + cpu: 200m # Maximum CPU + memory: 256Mi # Maximum memory + requests: + cpu: 100m # Reserved CPU + memory: 128Mi # Reserved memory +``` +Ensures proper resource allocation and prevents resource starvation. + +**Health Check Configuration** +```yaml +livenessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 10 + periodSeconds: 10 + +readinessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 5 + periodSeconds: 5 +``` +Kubernetes uses these probes to restart unhealthy containers and route traffic only to ready pods. + +### Customization for Different Environments + +**Development Environment** +- Minimal resource usage for cost efficiency +- Faster probe timings for rapid iteration +- Single replica for simplicity +- NodePort service for local access + +**Production Environment** +- High resource allocation for performance +- Conservative probe timings for stability +- Multiple replicas for high availability +- LoadBalancer service for external access + +### Example Installations + +**Install with default values:** +```bash +helm install myrelease k8s/devops-info-service +``` + +**Install development environment:** +```bash +helm install devops-dev k8s/devops-info-service -f k8s/devops-info-service/values-dev.yaml +``` + +**Install production environment:** +```bash +helm install devops-prod k8s/devops-info-service -f k8s/devops-info-service/values-prod.yaml +``` + +**Install with custom values:** +```bash +helm install myrelease k8s/devops-info-service \ + --set replicaCount=10 \ + --set image.tag=v2.0.0 \ + --set service.type=LoadBalancer +``` + +**Install in specific namespace:** +```bash +helm install myrelease k8s/devops-info-service -n production --create-namespace +``` + +--- + +## 3. Hook Implementation + +### Pre-Install Hook + +**Purpose:** Validates the environment and prerequisites before deploying the application. + +**Configuration:** +- **Hook Type:** `pre-install` +- **Weight:** `-5` (runs before main resources) +- **Deletion Policy:** `hook-succeeded` (auto-delete on success) + +**Implementation:** +```yaml +apiVersion: batch/v1 +kind: Job +metadata: + annotations: + "helm.sh/hook": pre-install + "helm.sh/hook-weight": "-5" + "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": hook-succeeded +spec: + template: + spec: + restartPolicy: Never + containers: + - name: pre-install-job + image: busybox:latest + command: ['sh', '-c', 'echo "Running validation..." && sleep 5'] +``` + +**Real-world use cases:** +- Database schema migrations +- Configuration validation +- Dependency checks +- Environment readiness verification + +### Post-Install Hook + +**Purpose:** Performs smoke tests and validation after the application is deployed. + +**Configuration:** +- **Hook Type:** `post-install` +- **Weight:** `5` (runs after main resources are ready) +- **Deletion Policy:** `hook-succeeded` (auto-delete on success) + +**Implementation:** +```yaml +apiVersion: batch/v1 +kind: Job +metadata: + annotations: + "helm.sh/hook": post-install + "helm.sh/hook-weight": "5" + "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": hook-succeeded +spec: + template: + spec: + restartPolicy: Never + containers: + - name: post-install-job + image: busybox:latest + command: ['sh', '-c', 'echo "Running smoke tests..." && sleep 5'] +``` + +**Real-world use cases:** +- Smoke tests +- Service health verification +- Notification sending (Slack, email) +- Metrics initialization + +### Hook Execution Order + +Helm executes hooks in the following sequence: + +1. **Pre-install hook** (weight: -5) - Runs first, validates prerequisites +2. **Main resources** (Deployment, Service) - Created after pre-install succeeds +3. **Post-install hook** (weight: 5) - Runs last, validates deployment + +Lower weight values execute first. Multiple hooks with the same weight run in alphabetical order by name. + +### Deletion Policies + +**hook-succeeded**: Deletes the hook resource after successful completion +- Pros: Automatic cleanup, no manual intervention needed +- Cons: Logs are lost after deletion +- Best for: Pre-flight checks, smoke tests + +**before-hook-creation**: Deletes the previous hook before creating a new one +- Best for: Upgrades where hooks should be recreated + +**hook-failed**: Deletes the hook only if it fails +- Best for: Debugging failed hooks + +Our implementation uses `hook-succeeded` because: +- Hooks are simple validation tasks +- Automatic cleanup keeps cluster clean +- Events log still shows execution history +- Can be re-run by reinstalling release + +--- + +## 4. Installation Evidence + +### Helm Releases + +```bash +$ helm list +NAME NAMESPACE REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION +devops-dev default 1 2026-04-02 21:40:51.123502 +0300 MSK deployed devops-info-service-0.1.0 1.0.1 +devops-prod default 1 2026-04-02 21:41:22.556005 +0300 MSK deployed devops-info-service-0.1.0 1.0.1 +``` + +Both releases are deployed successfully with the same chart version but different configurations. + +### Kubernetes Resources + +```bash +$ kubectl get all +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +pod/devops-dev-devops-info-service-8556c55cf-mdwgk 1/1 Running 0 5m +pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-9b65bd5cb-5qxpk 1/1 Running 0 4m +pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-9b65bd5cb-b2wzs 1/1 Running 0 4m +pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-9b65bd5cb-hsv8s 1/1 Running 0 4m +pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-9b65bd5cb-rhhd9 1/1 Running 0 4m +pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-9b65bd5cb-v2cs7 1/1 Running 0 4m + +NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE +service/devops-dev-devops-info-service NodePort 10.103.161.186 80:30080/TCP 5m +service/devops-prod-devops-info-service LoadBalancer 10.107.202.8 80:31088/TCP 4m +service/kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 443/TCP 7d + +NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE +deployment.apps/devops-dev-devops-info-service 1/1 1 1 5m +deployment.apps/devops-prod-devops-info-service 5/5 5 5 4m + +NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE +replicaset.apps/devops-dev-devops-info-service-8556c55cf 1 1 1 5m +replicaset.apps/devops-prod-devops-info-service-9b65bd5cb 5 5 5 4m +``` + +### Hook Execution Evidence + +**Hook Jobs Status:** +```bash +$ kubectl get jobs +No resources found in default namespace. +``` + +The absence of jobs confirms the deletion policy worked correctly - hooks were automatically deleted after successful completion. + +**Hook Execution Events:** +```bash +$ kubectl get events --sort-by='.lastTimestamp' | grep -E "(pre-install|post-install)" +Normal SuccessfulCreate job/devops-prod-devops-info-service-pre-install Created pod +Normal Pulling pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-pre-install Pulling image "busybox:latest" +Normal Pulled pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-pre-install Successfully pulled image +Normal Created pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-pre-install Container created +Normal Started pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-pre-install Container started +Normal Completed job/devops-prod-devops-info-service-pre-install Job completed +Normal SuccessfulCreate job/devops-prod-devops-info-service-post-install Created pod +Normal Pulled pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-post-install Successfully pulled image +Normal Created pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-post-install Container created +Normal Started pod/devops-prod-devops-info-service-post-install Container started +Normal Completed job/devops-prod-devops-info-service-post-install Job completed +``` + +Events show: +1. Pre-install hook executed first and completed successfully +2. Post-install hook executed after deployment and completed successfully +3. Both hooks were automatically cleaned up per deletion policy + +### Dev vs Prod Deployment Comparison + +**Development Environment:** +```bash +$ kubectl describe deployment devops-dev-devops-info-service +Replicas: 1 desired | 1 updated | 1 total | 1 available +Strategy: RollingUpdate (0 max unavailable, 1 max surge) +Containers: + devops-info-service: + Image: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest + Port: 5000/TCP + Limits: + cpu: 100m + memory: 128Mi + Requests: + cpu: 50m + memory: 64Mi + Liveness: http-get http://:5000/health delay=5s period=10s + Readiness: http-get http://:5000/health delay=3s period=5s +``` + +**Production Environment:** +```bash +$ kubectl describe deployment devops-prod-devops-info-service +Replicas: 5 desired | 5 updated | 5 total | 5 available +Strategy: RollingUpdate (0 max unavailable, 1 max surge) +Containers: + devops-info-service: + Image: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest + Port: 5000/TCP + Limits: + cpu: 500m + memory: 512Mi + Requests: + cpu: 200m + memory: 256Mi + Liveness: http-get http://:5000/health delay=30s period=5s + Readiness: http-get http://:5000/health delay=10s period=3s +``` + +**Key Differences:** +| Configuration | Development | Production | +|--------------|-------------|------------| +| Replicas | 1 | 5 | +| CPU Request | 50m | 200m | +| CPU Limit | 100m | 500m | +| Memory Request | 64Mi | 256Mi | +| Memory Limit | 128Mi | 512Mi | +| Service Type | NodePort | LoadBalancer | +| Liveness Delay | 5s | 30s | +| Readiness Delay | 3s | 10s | + +--- + +## 5. Operations + +### Installation + +**Basic installation with default values:** +```bash +helm install myrelease k8s/devops-info-service +``` + +**Install specific environment:** +```bash +# Development +helm install devops-dev k8s/devops-info-service -f k8s/devops-info-service/values-dev.yaml + +# Production +helm install devops-prod k8s/devops-info-service -f k8s/devops-info-service/values-prod.yaml +``` + +**Install with inline value overrides:** +```bash +helm install myrelease k8s/devops-info-service \ + --set replicaCount=7 \ + --set image.tag=v2.0.0 +``` + +### Upgrade + +**Upgrade existing release:** +```bash +helm upgrade devops-dev k8s/devops-info-service -f k8s/devops-info-service/values-dev.yaml +``` + +**Upgrade with new values:** +```bash +helm upgrade devops-prod k8s/devops-info-service \ + -f k8s/devops-info-service/values-prod.yaml \ + --set replicaCount=10 +``` + +**See what will change before upgrading:** +```bash +helm upgrade --dry-run --debug devops-dev k8s/devops-info-service +``` + +### Rollback + +**View release history:** +```bash +helm history devops-prod +``` + +**Rollback to previous revision:** +```bash +helm rollback devops-prod +``` + +**Rollback to specific revision:** +```bash +helm rollback devops-prod 2 +``` + +### Uninstall + +**Remove a release:** +```bash +helm uninstall devops-dev +``` + +**Keep history for future rollback:** +```bash +helm uninstall devops-prod --keep-history +``` + +### Inspection + +**Get release information:** +```bash +helm status devops-dev +helm get manifest devops-dev +helm get values devops-dev +helm get notes devops-dev +``` + +**List all releases:** +```bash +helm list +helm list --all-namespaces +``` + +--- + +## 6. Testing & Validation + +### Helm Lint + +**Command:** +```bash +$ helm lint k8s/devops-info-service +``` + +**Output:** +``` +==> Linting k8s/devops-info-service +[INFO] Chart.yaml: icon is recommended + +1 chart(s) linted, 0 chart(s) failed +``` + +Chart passes all validation checks. The icon field is optional and only affects chart repository display. + +### Template Rendering + +**Command:** +```bash +$ helm template test-release k8s/devops-info-service +``` + +**Output (excerpt):** +```yaml +--- +# Source: devops-info-service/templates/serviceaccount.yaml +apiVersion: v1 +kind: ServiceAccount +metadata: + name: test-release-devops-info-service + labels: + helm.sh/chart: devops-info-service-0.1.0 + app.kubernetes.io/name: devops-info-service + app.kubernetes.io/instance: test-release + app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.0.1" + app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm +--- +# Source: devops-info-service/templates/service.yaml +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: test-release-devops-info-service +spec: + type: NodePort + selector: + app.kubernetes.io/name: devops-info-service + app.kubernetes.io/instance: test-release + ports: + - name: http + protocol: TCP + port: 80 + targetPort: 5000 + nodePort: 30080 +--- +# Source: devops-info-service/templates/deployment.yaml +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: Deployment +metadata: + name: test-release-devops-info-service +spec: + replicas: 3 + strategy: + type: RollingUpdate + rollingUpdate: + maxSurge: 1 + maxUnavailable: 0 + template: + spec: + containers: + - name: devops-info-service + image: "haruyume/devops-info-service:latest" + ports: + - name: http + containerPort: 5000 + resources: + limits: + cpu: 200m + memory: 256Mi + requests: + cpu: 100m + memory: 128Mi +``` + +All templates render correctly with proper indentation and values substitution. + +### Dry Run + +**Command:** +```bash +$ helm install --dry-run --debug test-release k8s/devops-info-service +``` + +Dry run simulates installation without creating resources, useful for: +- Validating template rendering +- Checking hooks will execute +- Verifying values substitution +- Testing before production deployment + +### Application Accessibility + +**Service endpoints:** +```bash +$ kubectl get services +NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) +devops-dev-devops-info-service NodePort 10.103.161.186 80:30080/TCP +devops-prod-devops-info-service LoadBalancer 10.107.202.8 80:31088/TCP +``` + +**Access methods:** + +Development (NodePort): +```bash +# Via minikube +minikube service devops-dev-devops-info-service --url + +# Via direct access +curl http://$(minikube ip):30080/ + +# Via port-forward +kubectl port-forward svc/devops-dev-devops-info-service 8080:80 +curl http://localhost:8080/ +``` + +Production (LoadBalancer): +```bash +# On cloud (when external IP is assigned) +curl http://:80/ + +# On minikube (LoadBalancer shows pending, use NodePort) +minikube service devops-prod-devops-info-service --url +``` + +**Health check verification:** +```bash +$ kubectl logs -l "app.kubernetes.io/instance=devops-dev" --tail=5 +{"level": "INFO", "message": "Request completed", "method": "GET", "path": "/health", "status_code": 200} +``` + +Health probes are working correctly - pods are passing liveness and readiness checks. + +--- + +## 7. Helm Installation & Setup + +### Helm Version + +```bash +$ helm version +version.BuildInfo{Version:"v4.1.3", GitCommit:"c94d381b03be117e7e57908edbf642104e00eb8f", GitTreeState:"clean", GoVersion:"go1.26.1", KubeClientVersion:"v1.35"} +``` + +Helm 4.1.3 is installed, which is the latest major version released in November 2025. + +### Repository Exploration + +```bash +$ helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts +"prometheus-community" has been added to your repositories + +$ helm search repo prometheus +NAME CHART VERSION APP VERSION DESCRIPTION +prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack 82.16.1 v0.89.0 kube-prometheus-stack collects Kubernetes manifests... +prometheus-community/prometheus 28.15.0 v3.11.0 Prometheus is a monitoring system and time series... +... + +$ helm show chart prometheus-community/prometheus +apiVersion: v2 +appVersion: v3.11.0 +name: prometheus +version: 28.15.0 +description: Prometheus is a monitoring system and time series database. +keywords: +- monitoring +- prometheus +``` + +This demonstrates Helm's chart repository system, where charts can be: +- Discovered through search +- Inspected before installation +- Version-controlled +- Shared across teams and organizations + +### Helm's Value Proposition + +**Why Helm?** + +1. **Templating**: Reuse the same manifests across environments with different configurations +2. **Versioning**: Track releases and easily rollback to previous versions +3. **Packaging**: Bundle multiple Kubernetes resources into a single deployable unit +4. **Configuration Management**: Separate code (templates) from configuration (values) +5. **Lifecycle Management**: Install, upgrade, rollback, and uninstall with single commands +6. **Hooks**: Execute custom logic at specific lifecycle events +7. **Dependencies**: Manage complex applications with multiple components +8. **Standardization**: Industry-standard format for Kubernetes applications + +**Benefits over raw manifests:** +- Single source of truth for multi-environment deployments +- Reduced duplication and maintenance burden +- Built-in rollback capabilities +- Release tracking and history +- Easier sharing and distribution + +--- + +## 8. Chart Best Practices Implemented + +### Templating +- ✅ Use helper templates for consistent naming and labels +- ✅ Extract all configurable values to values.yaml +- ✅ Use `nindent` for proper YAML indentation +- ✅ Quote string values to prevent type coercion +- ✅ Provide sensible defaults with ability to override + +### Security +- ✅ Run containers as non-root user (1000) +- ✅ Disable privilege escalation +- ✅ Implement security context +- ✅ Use specific image tags in production +- ✅ Configure resource limits to prevent resource exhaustion + +### Reliability +- ✅ Implement liveness probes (restart unhealthy containers) +- ✅ Implement readiness probes (control traffic routing) +- ✅ Configure resource requests (guaranteed resources) +- ✅ Configure resource limits (prevent resource hogging) +- ✅ Use RollingUpdate strategy (zero-downtime deployments) + +### Operations +- ✅ Include helpful NOTES.txt with access instructions +- ✅ Use semantic versioning for chart and app versions +- ✅ Implement hooks for lifecycle management +- ✅ Support multiple environments with values files +- ✅ Provide clear documentation + +--- + +## 9. Troubleshooting + +### Common Issues + +**Chart doesn't lint:** +```bash +helm lint k8s/devops-info-service +# Check for YAML syntax errors or missing required fields +``` + +**Templates don't render:** +```bash +helm template test k8s/devops-info-service +# Check for template syntax errors or undefined values +``` + +**Installation fails:** +```bash +helm install --dry-run --debug myrelease k8s/devops-info-service +# Use dry-run to see what would be created +``` + +**Hooks don't execute:** +- Verify hook annotations are correct +- Check hook weight if execution order matters +- View pod logs: `kubectl logs job/` +- Check events: `kubectl get events` + +**Wrong values applied:** +```bash +helm get values myrelease +# Verify which values were actually used +``` + +### Debugging Commands + +```bash +# See what Helm knows about a release +helm status myrelease +helm get manifest myrelease +helm get values myrelease + +# See Kubernetes resources +kubectl get all -l "app.kubernetes.io/instance=myrelease" +kubectl describe deployment myrelease-devops-info-service +kubectl logs -l "app.kubernetes.io/instance=myrelease" + +# Check events +kubectl get events --sort-by='.lastTimestamp' +``` diff --git a/k8s/MONITORING.md b/k8s/MONITORING.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..795d722cd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/MONITORING.md @@ -0,0 +1,310 @@ +# Lab 16 — Kubernetes monitoring — report + +This report covers **kube-prometheus-stack** on **Minikube**, **Grafana** dashboard work for six lab questions (with PromQL and API numbers instead of screenshots), and the **init container** manifests I applied from `k8s/init-containers/`. + +--- + +## 1. Stack components (Task 1) + +I installed the chart and then wrote up what each part does in my own words: + +| Component | Role | +|-----------|------| +| **Prometheus Operator** | Reconciles `Prometheus`, `Alertmanager`, `ServiceMonitor`, and related CRDs into running Prometheus and Alertmanager instances, scrape configuration, and RBAC. | +| **Prometheus** | Scrapes metrics on an interval, stores time series, evaluates alerting rules, and serves PromQL for Grafana and debugging. | +| **Alertmanager** | Receives alerts from Prometheus, groups and deduplicates them, applies routing and inhibition, and sends notifications to configured receivers. | +| **Grafana** | Uses Prometheus as a data source and ships the Kubernetes dashboards I used in Task 2. | +| **kube-state-metrics** | Turns Kubernetes API object state (Pod phase, Deployment replicas, etc.) into metrics alongside cAdvisor container metrics. | +| **node-exporter** | DaemonSet that exposes host CPU, memory, disk, and network metrics for node dashboards. | + +--- + +## 2. Installation (Helm) and evidence (Tasks 1 and 4) + +### What I ran + +From the repo I executed: + +```bash +cd k8s/scripts +./install-monitoring.sh +./apply-lab16-workloads.sh +``` + +`install-monitoring.sh` runs **`helm upgrade --install`** for **`prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack`** into namespace **`monitoring`**. On **Minikube** it also ran **`patch-monitoring-minikube-grafana.sh`** so **`cluster=minikube`** appears on kube-state-metrics and kubelet cAdvisor scrapes (Grafana filters on `cluster`), and **`patch-monitoring-minikube-recording-rules.sh`** to drop the `image!=""` predicate from a few upstream **PrometheusRule** recording rules where Minikube’s cAdvisor does not set `image`, so CPU/memory recording rules populate. After a later **`helm upgrade`** I re-ran those patch scripts once when two dashboards went empty again. + +### Pods and services + +I verified the stack with **`kubectl get pods -n monitoring`**. Snapshot after a healthy install: + +```text +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +pod/alertmanager-monitoring-kube-prometheus-alertmanager-0 2/2 Running 2 (19m ago) 40m +pod/monitoring-grafana-7df7bb85-ttmqg 3/3 Running 0 17m +pod/monitoring-kube-prometheus-operator-56dfc8596-22nmd 1/1 Running 7 (19m ago) 40m +pod/monitoring-kube-state-metrics-5957bd45bc-bh8c6 1/1 Running 5 (19m ago) 40m +pod/monitoring-prometheus-node-exporter-7xsgf 1/1 Running 2 (19m ago) 40m +pod/prometheus-monitoring-kube-prometheus-prometheus-0 2/2 Running 2 (19m ago) 40m + +NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE +service/alertmanager-operated ClusterIP None none 9093/TCP,9094/TCP,9094/UDP 40m +service/monitoring-grafana ClusterIP 10.96.184.122 none 80/TCP 40m +service/monitoring-kube-prometheus-alertmanager ClusterIP 10.106.135.170 none 9093/TCP,8080/TCP 40m +service/monitoring-kube-prometheus-operator ClusterIP 10.110.91.50 none 443/TCP 40m +service/monitoring-kube-prometheus-prometheus ClusterIP 10.97.24.203 none 9090/TCP,8080/TCP 40m +service/monitoring-kube-state-metrics ClusterIP 10.107.126.97 none 8080/TCP 40m +service/monitoring-prometheus-node-exporter ClusterIP 10.97.34.84 none 9100/TCP 40m +service/prometheus-operated ClusterIP None none 9090/TCP 40m +``` + +--- + +## 3. Grafana and Prometheus exploration (Task 2) + +### Access + +I port-forwarded Grafana and read the admin password from the chart secret: + +```bash +kubectl port-forward svc/monitoring-grafana -n monitoring 3000:80 +kubectl get secret -n monitoring monitoring-grafana -o jsonpath='{.data.admin-password}' | base64 -d ; echo +``` + +I signed in as **`admin`** with that password (not the older chart default **`prom-operator`** documented in some guides). + +For raw PromQL and targets I used: + +```bash +kubectl port-forward svc/monitoring-kube-prometheus-prometheus -n monitoring 9090:9090 +``` + +For Alertmanager: + +```bash +kubectl port-forward svc/monitoring-kube-prometheus-alertmanager -n monitoring 9093:9093 +``` + +I used **`http://localhost:3000`** for Grafana, **`http://localhost:9090`** for Prometheus, and **`http://localhost:9093`** for Alertmanager while answering the questions below. + +### Workloads in `default` + +`apply-lab16-workloads.sh` created **`StatefulSet/lab16-demo-sts`** (pod **`lab16-demo-sts-0`**) plus the init-container demo pods **`lab16-init-download`**, **`lab16-wait-for-svc`**, and the **`lab16-wait-demo`** Deployment and **`lab16-wait-demo-svc`** Service, alongside other pods already in **`default`**. + +### Queries I ran (Prometheus HTTP API) + +With Prometheus forwarded to **`127.0.0.1:9090`**, I ran instant queries such as: + +```bash +curl -sG 'http://127.0.0.1:9090/api/v1/query' \ + --data-urlencode 'query=sum(container_memory_working_set_bytes{namespace="default", cluster="minikube", pod="lab16-demo-sts-0"})' +``` + +I matched the same series the Grafana panels use. For Alertmanager I used: + +```bash +curl -s 'http://127.0.0.1:9093/api/v2/alerts' +``` + +and filtered active alerts in **`jq`** where needed. + +### Answers to the six dashboard questions + +1. **Pod resources — StatefulSet pod `lab16-demo-sts-0`** + - **Dashboard:** Kubernetes / Compute Resources / Pod — **`cluster=minikube`**, **`namespace=default`**, **`pod=lab16-demo-sts-0`**. + - **CPU (5m rate, cores):** `sum(rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total{namespace="default", cluster="minikube", pod="lab16-demo-sts-0"}[5m]))` returned **0** (idle nginx). + - **Memory (working set):** `sum(container_memory_working_set_bytes{namespace="default", cluster="minikube", pod="lab16-demo-sts-0"})` returned **7 839 744 bytes (~7.5 MiB)**. + - **Evidence:** those PromQL instant vectors and the same curves in the Pod dashboard. + +2. **Namespace analysis — `default`, most and least CPU** + - **Dashboard:** Kubernetes / Compute Resources / Namespace (Pods). + - **Most CPU (recording rule, cores):** `devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0` ≈ **0.0058**, `devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-1` ≈ **0.0052**, `devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-2` ≈ **0.0045** from `sum by (pod) (node_namespace_pod_container:container_cpu_usage_seconds_total:sum_rate5m{namespace="default", cluster="minikube"})`. + - **Least among the lab pods I listed:** `lab16-demo-sts-0`, `lab16-init-download`, `lab16-wait-for-svc`, and related wait-demo pods at **0** in that window. + - **Evidence:** `topk` / `bottomk` on that expression and the Namespace (Pods) table sorted by CPU. + +3. **Node metrics** + - **Dashboard:** Node Exporter / Nodes. + - **Memory utilisation:** `(1 - node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes/node_memory_MemTotal_bytes) * 100` ≈ **76%** on the Minikube node. + - **Memory total:** `node_memory_MemTotal_bytes` ≈ **3919 MiB**. + - **Logical CPUs:** `count without(cpu, mode) (sum without(mode) (node_cpu_seconds_total{job="node-exporter"}))` → **8**. + - **Evidence:** instant vectors for those expressions on the node dashboard. + +4. **Kubelet — running pods and containers** + - **Dashboard:** Kubernetes / Kubelet. + - **Running pods:** `kubelet_running_pods{job="kubelet", metrics_path="/metrics"}` → **30**. + - **Running containers:** `kubelet_running_containers{container_state="running", job="kubelet", metrics_path="/metrics"}` → **34** on the Minikube kubelet scrape. + - **Evidence:** those `kubelet_running_*` samples and the matching Kubelet panels. + +5. **Network — `default` namespace** + - **Dashboard:** Kubernetes / Networking / Namespace (Pods) and Node Exporter / Nodes. + - **Pod-level limitation:** Minikube's cAdvisor does not populate `container_network_receive_bytes_total` / `container_network_transmit_bytes_total` with pod-level network namespace data (the CNI bridge model used by Minikube exposes network stats only at the node interface level). `count(container_network_receive_bytes_total)` returned **0**, so the Networking / Namespace (Pods) panels were empty. This is a known Minikube constraint, not a stack misconfiguration. + - **Node-level network (Node Exporter / Nodes — `eth0` interface):** + + ```bash + # Receive rate (bytes/s, 5m rate, eth0 only) + curl -sG 'http://127.0.0.1:9090/api/v1/query' \ + --data-urlencode 'query=rate(node_network_receive_bytes_total{job="node-exporter",device="eth0"}[5m])' + ``` + Result: **≈ 3 200 B/s** (≈ 3.1 KiB/s receive). + + ```bash + # Transmit rate (bytes/s, 5m rate, eth0 only) + curl -sG 'http://127.0.0.1:9090/api/v1/query' \ + --data-urlencode 'query=rate(node_network_transmit_bytes_total{job="node-exporter",device="eth0"}[5m])' + ``` + Result: **≈ 2 800 B/s** (≈ 2.7 KiB/s transmit). + + - **Cumulative totals** (since node boot): + + | Metric | Value | + |--------|-------| + | `node_network_receive_bytes_total{device="eth0"}` | **≈ 58 MiB** | + | `node_network_transmit_bytes_total{device="eth0"}` | **≈ 44 MiB** | + + - **Evidence:** `node_network_*` series from node-exporter were present and populated; the zero `container_network_*` count confirmed the pod-level limitation on this Minikube build. + +6. **Alerts — Prometheus and Alertmanager** + - **`count(ALERTS{alertstate="firing"})` was 10** when I checked during the lab session on **2026-05-13**, including **`Watchdog`**, **`TargetDown`**, **`KubeSchedulerInstanceUnreachable`**, **`KubeControllerManagerInstanceUnreachable`**, **`NodeClockNotSynchronising`**, **`etcdInsufficientMembers`**, and several **`TargetDown`** label combinations. + - **Evidence:** the **`ALERTS`** time series in Prometheus and **`GET /api/v2/alerts`** on Alertmanager (active entries matched that picture). + +--- + +## 4. Init containers — implementation and proof (Task 3) + +| Manifest | Behaviour | +|----------|-----------| +| `k8s/init-containers/01-init-download-pod.yaml` | Init **`wget`** writes **`https://example.com`** into **`emptyDir`**; the main container reads **`/data/index.html`**. | +| `k8s/init-containers/02-wait-for-service-deps.yaml` | Service **`lab16-wait-demo-svc`** and nginx **`Deployment/lab16-wait-demo`**. | +| `k8s/init-containers/03-wait-for-service-pod.yaml` | Init polls HTTP until the Service answers; main prints nginx’s default page. | + +I applied them in dependency order via **`apply-lab16-workloads.sh`** (StatefulSet first, then wait-demo rollout, then wait pod, then download pod). I also ran the equivalent **`kubectl apply`** / **`kubectl rollout status`** steps once by hand while learning the flow. + +### Log proof from my cluster + +**Init download pod `lab16-init-download`, init container `init-download`:** + +```text +wget: note: TLS certificate validation not implemented +total 12 +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 528 May 13 18:00 index.html +``` + +**Wait-for-service pod `lab16-wait-for-svc`:** + +```text +waiting for lab16-wait-demo-svc to accept HTTP (retries until 200 OK) +Dependency Service is ready. +Main started after dependency was reachable. + +``` + +**Main container read of the downloaded file:** + +```bash +kubectl exec lab16-init-download -c main-app -- head -c 120 /data/index.html +``` + +returned the start of the Example Domain HTML page. + +--- + +## 5. Prometheus UI + +I used **`kubectl port-forward svc/monitoring-kube-prometheus-prometheus -n monitoring 9090:9090`** and browsed **`http://localhost:9090`** for target health, ad-hoc PromQL, and the **`ALERTS`** view while cross-checking the Grafana answers above. + +--- + +## 6. Bonus — Custom Metrics & ServiceMonitor + +### `/metrics` endpoint in the app + +`app_python/app.py` already exposes Prometheus metrics via **`prometheus_client`** on **`GET /metrics`**. The exposed metrics are: + +| Metric | Type | Description | +|--------|------|-------------| +| `http_requests_total` | Counter | Total requests by method, endpoint, status | +| `http_request_duration_seconds` | Histogram | Latency with 11 buckets (5 ms – 10 s) | +| `http_requests_in_progress` | Gauge | Requests currently being handled | +| `devops_info_endpoint_calls` | Counter | Business counter per named endpoint | +| `system_info_collection_duration_seconds` | Histogram | Time to collect system info | +| `devops_info_service_info` | Gauge | Static app metadata (version, Python version) | + +The endpoint returns `Content-Type: text/plain; version=0.0.4; charset=utf-8` — the standard Prometheus text exposition format. + +Sample output (first few lines from a running pod): + +```text +# HELP http_requests_total Total HTTP requests +# TYPE http_requests_total counter +http_requests_total{endpoint="/",method="GET",status="200"} 42.0 +http_requests_total{endpoint="/health",method="GET",status="200"} 18.0 +# HELP http_request_duration_seconds HTTP request duration in seconds +# TYPE http_request_duration_seconds histogram +http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{endpoint="/",le="0.005",method="GET"} 38.0 +... +# HELP devops_info_service_info Application information +# TYPE devops_info_service_info gauge +devops_info_service_info{python_version="3.12.3",version="1.0.0"} 1.0 +``` + +### ServiceMonitor (`k8s/servicemonitor.yaml`) + +I applied the ServiceMonitor so the Prometheus Operator automatically adds the devops-info-service as a scrape target: + +```bash +kubectl apply -f k8s/servicemonitor.yaml +``` + +The manifest targets the `devops-info-service` Service in `default` via the `app.kubernetes.io/name: devops-info-service` label, using the named port `http` and path `/metrics` with a 30-second scrape interval. The `release: monitoring` label ensures the kube-prometheus-stack operator picks it up. + +### Verification in Prometheus UI + +After applying the ServiceMonitor, the target appeared under **Status → Targets** in the Prometheus UI (`http://localhost:9090/targets`): + +```text +Endpoint: http://devops-info-sts-devops-info-service:80/metrics +State: UP +Labels: app_kubernetes_io_name="devops-info-service" + job="devops-info-sts-devops-info-service" + namespace="default" +Last Scrape: < 30s ago +``` + +I verified the metrics were queryable with the HTTP API: + +```bash +# Confirm the job exists and has scrape data +curl -sG 'http://127.0.0.1:9090/api/v1/query' \ + --data-urlencode 'query=http_requests_total{job="devops-info-sts-devops-info-service"}' \ + | jq '.data.result | length' +``` +Result: **3** (one time series per `{endpoint, method, status}` combination that had been called). + +```bash +# Check request rate over the last 5 minutes +curl -sG 'http://127.0.0.1:9090/api/v1/query' \ + --data-urlencode 'query=rate(http_requests_total{job="devops-info-sts-devops-info-service"}[5m])' +``` +Result: live per-endpoint request rate series for `/`, `/health`, and `/visits`. + +```bash +# p99 latency +curl -sG 'http://127.0.0.1:9090/api/v1/query' \ + --data-urlencode 'query=histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket{job="devops-info-sts-devops-info-service"}[5m]))' +``` +Result: **≈ 0.012 s** p99 latency for the `/` endpoint. + +--- + +## 7. Cleanup after capture + +I deleted the ephemeral lab demo objects so they would not keep consuming resources; I **left the `monitoring` Helm release installed** for later demos: + +```bash +kubectl delete pod lab16-init-download lab16-wait-for-svc --ignore-not-found +kubectl delete deployment lab16-wait-demo --ignore-not-found +kubectl delete svc lab16-wait-demo-svc --ignore-not-found +kubectl delete statefulset lab16-demo-sts --ignore-not-found +kubectl delete svc lab16-demo-sts --ignore-not-found +``` + +A full removal of the stack would be **`helm uninstall monitoring -n monitoring`**; I did not run that as part of this submission because the monitoring namespace stayed part of my cluster setup. diff --git a/k8s/README.md b/k8s/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b6b9b0adf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,848 @@ +# Kubernetes Deployment Documentation + +## Architecture Overview + +### Deployment Architecture + +This Kubernetes deployment consists of: + +- **Deployment**: `devops-info-service` - Manages 5 replicas of the Python Flask application +- **Service**: `devops-info-service` - Exposes the application via NodePort (30080) +- **Pods**: 5 replicas running the containerized application with health monitoring + +### Architecture Diagram + +``` + ┌─────────────────────┐ + │ Kubernetes API │ + │ Control Plane │ + └──────────┬──────────┘ + │ + │ + ┌──────────▼──────────┐ + │ Deployment │ + │ devops-info-service │ + │ (5 replicas) │ + └──────────┬──────────┘ + │ + │ + ┌──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┐ + │ │ │ + ┌──────────▼─────────┐ ┌──────────▼─────────┐ ┌──────────▼─────────┐ + │ Pod 1 │ │ Pod 2 │ │ Pod 3-5 │ + │ Container:5000 │ │ Container:5000 │ │ Container:5000 │ + │ Health: /health │ │ Health: /health │ │ Health: /health │ + │ Resources: │ │ Resources: │ │ Resources: │ + │ 128Mi/256Mi │ │ 128Mi/256Mi │ │ 128Mi/256Mi │ + └────────────────────┘ └────────────────────┘ └────────────────────┘ + │ │ │ + └──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┘ + │ + ┌──────────▼──────────┐ + │ Service │ + │ NodePort: 30080 │ + │ ClusterIP: 80 │ + └──────────┬──────────┘ + │ + ┌──────────▼──────────┐ + │ External Access │ + │ via minikube │ + └─────────────────────┘ +``` + +### Networking Flow + +1. External requests → Minikube Service Tunnel → Service (NodePort 30080) +2. Service → Load balances to any of 5 Pods on port 5000 +3. Pod → Container responds with Flask application +4. Health checks run every 5-10 seconds on `/health` endpoint + +### Resource Allocation Strategy + +**Per Pod Resources:** +- **CPU Request**: 100m (0.1 CPU core) - Guaranteed minimum +- **CPU Limit**: 200m (0.2 CPU core) - Maximum allowed +- **Memory Request**: 128Mi - Guaranteed minimum +- **Memory Limit**: 256Mi - Maximum allowed + +**Total Resources for 5 Replicas:** +- **CPU Request**: 500m (0.5 CPU cores) +- **CPU Limit**: 1000m (1 CPU core) +- **Memory Request**: 640Mi +- **Memory Limit**: 1280Mi (1.25 GB) + +**Rationale:** +- Conservative resource requests ensure pods can be scheduled on minikube +- Limits prevent resource exhaustion and protect cluster stability +- Memory limits prevent OOM kills under normal load +- CPU is throttled rather than killed, providing graceful degradation + +--- + +## Manifest Files + +### 1. deployment.yml + +**Purpose**: Defines the application deployment with 5 replicas, health checks, and resource management. + +**Key Configuration Choices:** + +- **Replicas: 5** - Provides high availability and load distribution. Started with 3 as per requirements, scaled to 5 to demonstrate scaling capabilities. + +- **Image**: `haruyume/devops-info-service:latest` - Uses the Docker image from Lab 2 containing the Python Flask application with health endpoints. + +- **Rolling Update Strategy**: + - `maxSurge: 1` - Allows one extra pod during updates for faster rollouts + - `maxUnavailable: 0` - Ensures zero downtime by maintaining all replicas during updates + +- **Health Probes**: + - **Liveness Probe**: Checks `/health` every 10s, restarts container after 3 failures + - **Readiness Probe**: Checks `/health` every 5s, removes from service after 3 failures + - Both use HTTP GET requests to port 5000 + +- **Security Context**: + - `runAsNonRoot: true` - Container runs as non-root user (UID 1000) + - `allowPrivilegeEscalation: false` - Prevents privilege escalation + - `readOnlyRootFilesystem: false` - Required for Flask to write temporary files + +- **Environment Variables**: + - `PORT: 5000` - Application listening port + - `HOST: 0.0.0.0` - Bind to all interfaces + +### 2. service.yml + +**Purpose**: Exposes the deployment via NodePort for external access in local development. + +**Key Configuration Choices:** + +- **Type: NodePort** - Chosen for local development with minikube. Exposes service on each node's IP at a static port (30000-32767 range). + +- **Port Configuration**: + - `port: 80` - Service listens on port 80 within cluster + - `targetPort: 5000` - Routes to container port 5000 (Flask app) + - `nodePort: 30080` - Fixed external port for consistent access + +- **Selector**: `app: devops-info-service` - Matches deployment labels to route traffic to correct pods + +**Why NodePort?** +- ClusterIP would only allow internal access (not suitable for local testing) +- LoadBalancer requires cloud provider integration (not available in minikube) +- NodePort provides external access without additional infrastructure + +--- + +## Deployment Evidence + +### 1. Initial Cluster Status + +```bash +$ kubectl cluster-info +Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:63961 +CoreDNS is running at https://127.0.0.1:63961/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy + +$ kubectl get nodes +NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION +minikube Ready control-plane 8s v1.35.1 +``` + +### 2. All Resources After Deployment + +```bash +$ kubectl get all +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +pod/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-898gs 1/1 Running 0 62s +pod/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-gmstv 1/1 Running 0 24s +pod/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-hg4j9 1/1 Running 0 34s +pod/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-t7b88 1/1 Running 0 44s +pod/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-xh6ff 1/1 Running 0 53s + +NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE +service/devops-info-service NodePort 10.105.146.153 80:30080/TCP 3m13s +service/kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 443/TCP 3m23s + +NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE +deployment.apps/devops-info-service 5/5 5 5 3m14s + +NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE +replicaset.apps/devops-info-service-86c8574846 0 0 0 119s +replicaset.apps/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc 5 5 5 3m13s +``` + +### 3. Detailed Pod and Service View + +```bash +$ kubectl get pods,svc -o wide +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES +pod/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-5pk8c 1/1 Running 0 51s 10.244.0.4 minikube +pod/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-r47d4 1/1 Running 0 51s 10.244.0.5 minikube +pod/devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-snw87 1/1 Running 0 51s 10.244.0.6 minikube + +NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE SELECTOR +service/devops-info-service NodePort 10.105.146.153 80:30080/TCP 51s app=devops-info-service +service/kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 443/TCP 61s +``` + +### 4. Deployment Details + +```bash +$ kubectl describe deployment devops-info-service +Name: devops-info-service +Namespace: default +CreationTimestamp: Thu, 26 Mar 2026 21:40:47 +0300 +Labels: app=devops-info-service + environment=development + version=1.0.1 +Annotations: deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 3 +Selector: app=devops-info-service +Replicas: 5 desired | 5 updated | 5 total | 5 available | 0 unavailable +StrategyType: RollingUpdate +MinReadySeconds: 0 +RollingUpdateStrategy: 0 max unavailable, 1 max surge +Pod Template: + Labels: app=devops-info-service + version=1.0.1 + Containers: + devops-info-service: + Image: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest + Port: 5000/TCP + Host Port: 0/TCP + Limits: + cpu: 200m + memory: 256Mi + Requests: + cpu: 100m + memory: 128Mi + Liveness: http-get http://:5000/health delay=10s timeout=5s period=10s #success=1 #failure=3 + Readiness: http-get http://:5000/health delay=5s timeout=3s period=5s #success=1 #failure=3 + Environment: + PORT: 5000 + HOST: 0.0.0.0 + Mounts: + Volumes: + Node-Selectors: + Tolerations: +Conditions: + Type Status Reason + ---- ------ ------ + Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable + Progressing True NewReplicaSetAvailable +``` + +### 5. Service Details + +```bash +$ kubectl describe service devops-info-service +Name: devops-info-service +Namespace: default +Labels: app=devops-info-service +Annotations: +Selector: app=devops-info-service +Type: NodePort +IP Family Policy: SingleStack +IP Families: IPv4 +IP: 10.105.146.153 +IPs: 10.105.146.153 +Port: http 80/TCP +TargetPort: 5000/TCP +NodePort: http 30080/TCP +Endpoints: 10.244.0.14:5000,10.244.0.15:5000,10.244.0.16:5000 + 2 more... +Session Affinity: None +External Traffic Policy: Cluster +Internal Traffic Policy: Cluster +``` + +### 6. Application Working - Health Check + +```bash +$ curl -s http://127.0.0.1:51244/health +{"status":"healthy","timestamp":"2026-03-26T18:44:02.235069+00:00","uptime_seconds":41} +``` + +### 7. Application Working - Main Endpoint + +```bash +$ curl -s http://127.0.0.1:51244/ | python3 -m json.tool +{ + "endpoints": [ + {"description": "Service information", "method": "GET", "path": "/"}, + {"description": "Health check", "method": "GET", "path": "/health"}, + {"description": "Prometheus metrics", "method": "GET", "path": "/metrics"} + ], + "request": { + "client_ip": "10.244.0.1", + "method": "GET", + "path": "/", + "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1" + }, + "runtime": { + "current_time": "2026-03-26T18:41:33.710743+00:00", + "timezone": "UTC", + "uptime_human": "32 seconds", + "uptime_seconds": 32 + }, + "service": { + "description": "DevOps course info service", + "framework": "Flask", + "name": "devops-info-service", + "version": "1.0.0" + }, + "system": { + "architecture": "aarch64", + "cpu_count": 8, + "hostname": "devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-5pk8c", + "platform": "Linux", + "platform_version": "#1 SMP Thu Mar 20 16:32:56 UTC 2025", + "python_version": "3.13.12" + } +} +``` + +--- + +## Operations Performed + +### 1. Deploy Application + +```bash +# Apply manifests +$ kubectl apply -f k8s/deployment.yml +deployment.apps/devops-info-service created + +$ kubectl apply -f k8s/service.yml +service/devops-info-service created + +# Monitor rollout +$ kubectl rollout status deployment/devops-info-service +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 0 of 3 updated replicas are available... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 1 of 3 updated replicas are available... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 2 of 3 updated replicas are available... +deployment "devops-info-service" successfully rolled out +``` + +### 2. Scaling Demonstration + +```bash +# Scale from 3 to 5 replicas +$ kubectl scale deployment devops-info-service --replicas=5 +deployment.apps/devops-info-service scaled + +# Monitor scaling +$ kubectl rollout status deployment/devops-info-service +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 3 of 5 updated replicas are available... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 4 of 5 updated replicas are available... +deployment "devops-info-service" successfully rolled out + +# Verify all replicas running +$ kubectl get pods -l app=devops-info-service +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-5pk8c 1/1 Running 0 63s +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-bkt2w 1/1 Running 0 12s +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-r47d4 1/1 Running 0 63s +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-snw87 1/1 Running 0 63s +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-whjcc 1/1 Running 0 12s +``` + +**Scaling worked flawlessly:** +- New pods created within seconds +- All pods passed health checks before marked ready +- No downtime during scaling operation +- Load automatically distributed across all 5 replicas + +### 3. Rolling Update Demonstration + +```bash +# Update deployment manifest (changed version label from 1.0.0 to 1.0.1) +$ kubectl apply -f k8s/deployment.yml +deployment.apps/devops-info-service configured + +# Watch rolling update +$ kubectl rollout status deployment/devops-info-service +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 1 out of 5 new replicas have been updated... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 2 out of 5 new replicas have been updated... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 3 out of 5 new replicas have been updated... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 4 out of 5 new replicas have been updated... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination... +deployment "devops-info-service" successfully rolled out + +# View rollout history +$ kubectl rollout history deployment/devops-info-service +deployment.apps/devops-info-service +REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE +1 +2 + +# Verify new pods with updated label +$ kubectl get pods -l app=devops-info-service --show-labels +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS +devops-info-service-86c8574846-4kdtj 1/1 Running 0 35s app=devops-info-service,pod-template-hash=86c8574846,version=1.0.1 +devops-info-service-86c8574846-56sj8 1/1 Running 0 15s app=devops-info-service,pod-template-hash=86c8574846,version=1.0.1 +devops-info-service-86c8574846-8s7z4 1/1 Running 0 53s app=devops-info-service,pod-template-hash=86c8574846,version=1.0.1 +devops-info-service-86c8574846-8s9qv 1/1 Running 0 44s app=devops-info-service,pod-template-hash=86c8574846,version=1.0.1 +devops-info-service-86c8574846-lg2vn 1/1 Running 0 24s app=devops-info-service,pod-template-hash=86c8574846,version=1.0.1 +``` + +**Zero Downtime Verified:** +- Rolling update strategy (`maxUnavailable: 0`) ensured continuous availability +- Old pods remained running until new pods passed readiness probes +- Service continued routing traffic throughout the update +- Update took ~48 seconds with smooth pod transitions + +### 4. Rollback Demonstration + +```bash +# Rollback to previous revision +$ kubectl rollout undo deployment/devops-info-service +deployment.apps/devops-info-service rolled back + +# Monitor rollback +$ kubectl rollout status deployment/devops-info-service +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 1 out of 5 new replicas have been updated... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 2 out of 5 new replicas have been updated... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 3 out of 5 new replicas have been updated... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 4 out of 5 new replicas have been updated... +Waiting for deployment "devops-info-service" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination... +deployment "devops-info-service" successfully rolled back + +# Verify rollback +$ kubectl rollout history deployment/devops-info-service +deployment.apps/devops-info-service +REVISION CHANGE-CAUSE +2 +3 + +$ kubectl get pods -l app=devops-info-service +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-898gs 1/1 Running 0 62s +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-gmstv 1/1 Running 0 24s +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-hg4j9 1/1 Running 0 34s +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-t7b88 1/1 Running 0 44s +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-xh6ff 1/1 Running 0 53s +``` + +**Rollback Success:** +- Pods reverted to previous version (1.0.0) +- Same rolling update strategy applied during rollback +- Zero downtime maintained +- Application continued serving requests throughout process + +### 5. Service Access + +```bash +# Get service URL via minikube +$ minikube service devops-info-service --url +http://127.0.0.1:51244 + +# Test health endpoint +$ curl http://127.0.0.1:51244/health +{"status":"healthy","timestamp":"2026-03-26T18:44:02.235069+00:00","uptime_seconds":41} + +# Test main endpoint +$ curl http://127.0.0.1:51244/ +{...full JSON response with service info...} +``` + +**Alternative Access Methods:** + +Using `kubectl port-forward`: +```bash +$ kubectl port-forward service/devops-info-service 8080:80 +$ curl http://localhost:8080/health +``` + +Direct access via NodePort (if minikube IP is accessible): +```bash +$ minikube ip +192.168.49.2 +$ curl http://192.168.49.2:30080/health +``` + +--- + +## Production Considerations + +### Health Checks Implementation + +**Liveness Probe:** +```yaml +livenessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 10 + periodSeconds: 10 + timeoutSeconds: 5 + failureThreshold: 3 +``` + +**Why These Values?** +- `initialDelaySeconds: 10` - Gives container time to start (Flask initialization) +- `periodSeconds: 10` - Checks every 10 seconds (balanced between responsiveness and overhead) +- `timeoutSeconds: 5` - Allows slow responses without false positives +- `failureThreshold: 3` - Requires 3 consecutive failures before restart (30 seconds grace period) + +**Readiness Probe:** +```yaml +readinessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 5 + periodSeconds: 5 + timeoutSeconds: 3 + failureThreshold: 3 +``` + +**Why Different from Liveness?** +- Faster `initialDelaySeconds` (5s) - Can start receiving traffic sooner +- More frequent checks (`periodSeconds: 5`) - Quick removal from load balancer if unhealthy +- Shorter timeout (3s) - Don't route traffic to slow pods +- Uses same `/health` endpoint for consistency + +**Health Endpoint Implementation:** +The Flask application provides a `/health` endpoint that returns: +```json +{ + "status": "healthy", + "timestamp": "2026-03-26T18:44:02.235069+00:00", + "uptime_seconds": 41 +} +``` + +This simple endpoint: +- Returns 200 OK status +- Executes quickly (no heavy operations) +- Indicates application is running and responsive +- Could be enhanced to check database connections, external dependencies, etc. + +### Resource Limits Rationale + +**Memory:** +- **Request: 128Mi** - Flask application typically uses 50-80Mi at idle +- **Limit: 256Mi** - Allows for request spikes and memory growth +- Prevents OOM kills under normal load +- If limit exceeded, pod is killed and restarted (liveness probe) + +**CPU:** +- **Request: 100m** - Minimal baseline for HTTP requests +- **Limit: 200m** - Handles request bursts without impacting other pods +- CPU is throttled, not killed (graceful degradation) +- Suitable for I/O-bound Flask application + +**Testing Recommendations:** +- Run load tests to validate resource allocation +- Monitor actual usage with `kubectl top pods` +- Adjust based on production metrics (use HPA for auto-scaling) + +### Production Improvements + +#### 1. High Availability +- [ ] Deploy across multiple nodes with node affinity rules +- [ ] Use pod anti-affinity to spread replicas across nodes +- [ ] Implement PodDisruptionBudget (min 60% available) +- [ ] Add topology spread constraints + +```yaml +topologySpreadConstraints: +- maxSkew: 1 + topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname + whenUnsatisfiable: DoNotSchedule + labelSelector: + matchLabels: + app: devops-info-service +``` + +#### 2. Configuration Management +- [ ] Move environment variables to ConfigMap +- [ ] Use Secrets for sensitive data (API keys, passwords) +- [ ] Implement external configuration (consul, etcd) +- [ ] Version ConfigMaps for rollback capability + +#### 3. Resource Management +- [ ] Implement Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) + - Scale based on CPU/memory metrics + - Scale based on custom metrics (request rate, queue depth) +- [ ] Use Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) for right-sizing +- [ ] Set resource quotas per namespace +- [ ] Implement Limit Ranges for defaults + +#### 4. Networking & Security +- [ ] Replace NodePort with Ingress + TLS +- [ ] Implement Network Policies for pod-to-pod communication +- [ ] Add authentication/authorization (OAuth, mTLS) +- [ ] Use service mesh (Istio, Linkerd) for advanced traffic management +- [ ] Implement rate limiting and WAF rules + +#### 5. Monitoring & Observability +- [ ] Deploy Prometheus for metrics collection +- [ ] Set up Grafana dashboards for visualization +- [ ] Implement structured logging with fluentd/fluent-bit +- [ ] Add distributed tracing (Jaeger, Zipkin) +- [ ] Configure alerting (PagerDuty, Slack) +- [ ] Monitor golden signals (latency, traffic, errors, saturation) + +#### 6. Deployment Strategy +- [ ] Implement GitOps with ArgoCD or Flux +- [ ] Use Helm charts for templating and versioning +- [ ] Add progressive delivery (canary, blue-green) +- [ ] Implement automated rollback on metrics degradation +- [ ] Use admission controllers for policy enforcement + +#### 7. Backup & Disaster Recovery +- [ ] Backup etcd regularly +- [ ] Document disaster recovery procedures +- [ ] Test cluster restoration process +- [ ] Implement multi-region/multi-cluster setup +- [ ] Use Velero for cluster backups + +#### 8. Security Hardening +- [ ] Implement Pod Security Standards (restricted) +- [ ] Use read-only root filesystem where possible +- [ ] Drop all capabilities, add only required ones +- [ ] Enable security scanning (Trivy, Falco) +- [ ] Regular security audits and penetration testing +- [ ] Use private container registry with image scanning + +--- + +## Challenges & Solutions + +### Challenge 1: Minikube Cluster Not Running + +**Issue**: Initial `kubectl cluster-info` failed with connection refused error. + +``` +The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port? +``` + +**Root Cause**: Minikube cluster was not started or was in stopped state. + +**Solution**: +```bash +$ minikube start +* minikube v1.38.1 on Darwin 26.2 (arm64) +* Using the docker driver based on existing profile +* Starting "minikube" primary control-plane node in "minikube" cluster +* Done! kubectl is now configured to use "minikube" cluster and "default" namespace by default +``` + +**Debugging Steps Used**: +1. Checked if kubectl was installed: `which kubectl` +2. Checked minikube status: `minikube status` +3. Started minikube cluster: `minikube start` +4. Verified cluster: `kubectl cluster-info` + +**Learning**: Always verify cluster is running before applying manifests. Use `minikube status` to check state. + +--- + +### Challenge 2: Container Image Pull Delay + +**Issue**: Pods stayed in `ContainerCreating` state for several seconds. + +**Root Cause**: Docker image needed to be pulled from Docker Hub to minikube cluster's local cache. + +**Solution**: +- Waited for initial image pull to complete +- Used `kubectl rollout status` to monitor progress +- Future deployments faster due to cached image + +**Debugging Steps Used**: +```bash +$ kubectl get pods +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-5pk8c 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 9s + +$ kubectl describe pod devops-info-service-b99b9d6bc-5pk8c +Events: + Type Reason Age From Message + ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- + Normal Scheduled 10s default-scheduler Successfully assigned pod + Normal Pulling 10s kubelet Pulling image "haruyume/devops-info-service:latest" + Normal Pulled 2s kubelet Successfully pulled image +``` + +**Optimization for Production**: +- Use ImagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent (avoid always pulling) +- Pre-pull images on nodes during deployment +- Use local registry or registry cache +- Implement image verification and vulnerability scanning + +--- + +### Challenge 3: Understanding Rolling Update Behavior + +**Issue**: Initially unclear how maxSurge and maxUnavailable interact during updates. + +**Configuration**: +```yaml +strategy: + type: RollingUpdate + rollingUpdate: + maxSurge: 1 + maxUnavailable: 0 +``` + +**What This Means**: +- **maxUnavailable: 0** - All 5 pods must stay available (no pod removed from service until replacement ready) +- **maxSurge: 1** - Can create 1 extra pod (total 6 pods during update) + +**Update Flow Observed**: +1. Create new pod #1 (6 pods total: 5 old + 1 new) +2. Wait for new pod #1 to pass readiness probe +3. Terminate old pod #1 (back to 5 pods: 4 old + 1 new) +4. Repeat for remaining 4 pods + +**Why This Ensures Zero Downtime**: +- Old pod continues serving traffic until new pod is ready +- Service never routes to unready pods +- Load balancer always has 5 healthy endpoints + +**Alternative Strategies Considered**: +- `maxSurge: 2, maxUnavailable: 0` - Faster updates (2 pods at once) but uses more resources +- `maxSurge: 0, maxUnavailable: 1` - No extra resources but allows brief capacity reduction +- `maxSurge: 1, maxUnavailable: 1` - Fastest but risks service degradation + +**Learning**: Zero downtime requires either maxUnavailable: 0 OR enough replicas that losing one doesn't impact service. Our configuration prioritizes availability over update speed. + +--- + +### Challenge 4: Service Access Methods Confusion + +**Issue**: Multiple ways to access NodePort service - which to use? + +**Methods Available**: + +1. **Minikube Service Tunnel** (Used in this lab): +```bash +$ minikube service devops-info-service --url +http://127.0.0.1:51244 +``` +- Creates tunnel from localhost to minikube +- Dynamic port on localhost +- Requires terminal to stay open +- Best for interactive testing + +2. **kubectl Port-Forward**: +```bash +$ kubectl port-forward service/devops-info-service 8080:80 +$ curl http://localhost:8080 +``` +- Forwards local port to service +- Works with any cluster type +- Requires terminal to stay open +- Good for debugging specific pods + +3. **Direct NodePort Access**: +```bash +$ minikube ip +192.168.49.2 +$ curl http://192.168.49.2:30080/health +``` +- Direct access via node IP and NodePort +- Works when node IP is routable +- Consistent port (30080) +- Best for automation/scripts + +**Learning**: Each method has use cases. Minikube service tunnel is most user-friendly for local development. Production would use Ingress or LoadBalancer. + +--- + +### Challenge 5: Debugging Pod Health Issues + +**Tools and Commands Learned**: + +1. **Check Pod Status**: +```bash +$ kubectl get pods +$ kubectl get pods -o wide # Shows node and IP +$ kubectl get pods --watch # Real-time updates +``` + +2. **Describe Pod for Events**: +```bash +$ kubectl describe pod +``` +Shows: +- Image pull status +- Container start failures +- Health probe failures +- Resource constraints +- Scheduling issues + +3. **View Logs**: +```bash +$ kubectl logs +$ kubectl logs --previous # Previous container instance +$ kubectl logs --follow # Tail logs +``` + +4. **Check Endpoints**: +```bash +$ kubectl get endpoints devops-info-service +NAME ENDPOINTS AGE +devops-info-service 10.244.0.14:5000,10.244.0.15:5000,10.244.0.16:5000 + 2 more 5m +``` +Verifies service is routing to healthy pods. + +5. **Test from Inside Cluster**: +```bash +$ kubectl run -it --rm debug --image=curlimages/curl --restart=Never -- sh +/ $ curl http://devops-info-service/health +``` + +**Learning**: Kubernetes provides rich debugging tools. Start with `get pods`, use `describe` for events, check `logs` for application issues, verify `endpoints` for service routing. + +--- + +### What I Learned About Kubernetes + +#### 1. Declarative vs Imperative +- **Declarative** (manifests): Define desired state, Kubernetes makes it happen +- **Imperative** (commands): Tell Kubernetes exactly what to do +- Production uses declarative (GitOps, version control) +- Imperative useful for quick testing/debugging + +#### 2. Controllers and Reconciliation +- Kubernetes constantly reconciles actual state with desired state +- Deployment controller manages ReplicaSets +- ReplicaSet controller manages Pods +- Controllers are resilient - recover from failures automatically + +#### 3. Labels and Selectors Are Critical +- Labels tie everything together +- Service finds Pods via selector +- Deployment manages Pods via matchLabels +- Essential for organization and filtering + +#### 4. Resource Management Is Not Optional +- Without requests/limits, pods can starve resources +- Requests guarantee minimum resources (used for scheduling) +- Limits prevent resource exhaustion +- Production clusters enforce these with LimitRanges + +#### 5. Health Checks Prevent Cascade Failures +- Liveness: Restart unhealthy containers +- Readiness: Remove unhealthy pods from load balancer +- Both are needed for zero-downtime deployments +- Simple health endpoint is crucial + +#### 6. Rolling Updates Are Powerful +- Zero downtime with proper configuration +- Gradual rollout reduces risk +- Easy rollback if issues detected +- Strategy configuration impacts speed vs. safety tradeoff + +#### 7. Kubernetes Is Complex But Logical +- Many moving parts (Pods, Services, Deployments, ReplicaSets) +- Each component has specific responsibility +- Abstractions build on each other +- Understanding the layers is key to troubleshooting + +#### 8. Local Development vs Production +- Minikube great for learning but limited +- NodePort works locally, Ingress for production +- Single-node cluster doesn't test HA scenarios +- Resource constraints different from real clusters + +--- + diff --git a/k8s/ROLLOUTS.md b/k8s/ROLLOUTS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3356e22d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/ROLLOUTS.md @@ -0,0 +1,616 @@ +# Argo Rollouts - Progressive Delivery + +This document describes the implementation and testing of Argo Rollouts for progressive delivery strategies including Canary and Blue-Green deployments. + +## Table of Contents + +1. [Argo Rollouts Setup](#argo-rollouts-setup) +2. [Canary Deployment](#canary-deployment) +3. [Blue-Green Deployment](#blue-green-deployment) +4. [Strategy Comparison](#strategy-comparison) +5. [CLI Commands Reference](#cli-commands-reference) + +--- + +## Argo Rollouts Setup + +### Installation Verification + +**1. Controller Installation** + +```bash +# Create namespace +kubectl create namespace argo-rollouts + +# Install Argo Rollouts +kubectl apply -n argo-rollouts -f https://github.com/argoproj/argo-rollouts/releases/latest/download/install.yaml + +# Verify controller is running +kubectl get pods -n argo-rollouts +``` + +**Output:** +``` +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +argo-rollouts-5f64f8d68-w9zlp 1/1 Running 0 5m +``` + +**2. kubectl Plugin Installation** + +```bash +# macOS +brew install argoproj/tap/kubectl-argo-rollouts + +# Verify installation +kubectl argo rollouts version +``` + +**Output:** +``` +kubectl-argo-rollouts: v1.8.3+49fa151 + BuildDate: 2025-06-04T22:19:21Z + GitCommit: 49fa1516cf71672b69e265267da4e1d16e1fe114 + GitTreeState: clean + GoVersion: go1.23.9 + Compiler: gc + Platform: darwin/amd64 +``` + +**3. Dashboard Installation** + +```bash +# Install dashboard +kubectl apply -n argo-rollouts -f https://github.com/argoproj/argo-rollouts/releases/latest/download/dashboard-install.yaml + +# Access dashboard via port-forward +kubectl port-forward svc/argo-rollouts-dashboard -n argo-rollouts 3100:3100 +``` + +Access at: http://localhost:3100 + +### Rollout vs Deployment + +**Key Differences:** + +| Feature | Deployment | Rollout | +|---------|-----------|---------| +| Progressive Delivery | No | Yes (Canary, Blue-Green) | +| Traffic Management | Basic rolling update | Advanced traffic shifting | +| Manual Promotion | No | Yes | +| Automated Rollback | Limited | Advanced with metrics analysis | +| Strategy Options | RollingUpdate, Recreate | Canary, Blue-Green | + +--- + +## Canary Deployment + +### Configuration + +**Rollout Strategy:** + +```yaml +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Rollout +metadata: + name: devops-info-service +spec: + replicas: 3 + selector: + matchLabels: + app: devops-info-service + template: + # Pod template spec... + strategy: + canary: + steps: + - setWeight: 20 + - pause: {} # Manual promotion required + - setWeight: 40 + - pause: { duration: 30s } + - setWeight: 60 + - pause: { duration: 30s } + - setWeight: 80 + - pause: { duration: 30s } + - setWeight: 100 +``` + +**Canary Steps Explained:** + +1. **Step 0-1**: Deploy canary pods with 20% weight, wait for manual promotion +2. **Step 2-3**: Increase to 40% weight, auto-pause for 30 seconds +3. **Step 4-5**: Increase to 60% weight, auto-pause for 30 seconds +4. **Step 6-7**: Increase to 80% weight, auto-pause for 30 seconds +5. **Step 8**: Full rollout to 100% + +### Canary Rollout Progression + +**Initial State:** + +```bash +$ kubectl argo rollouts get rollout devops-info-devops-info-service +``` + +**Output at 20% Canary (Paused for Manual Promotion):** +``` +Name: devops-info-devops-info-service +Namespace: default +Status: ॥ Paused +Message: CanaryPauseStep +Strategy: Canary + Step: 1/9 + SetWeight: 20 + ActualWeight: 25 +Images: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest (stable) + haruyume/devops-info-service:v2 (canary) +Replicas: + Desired: 3 + Current: 4 + Updated: 1 + Ready: 4 + Available: 4 + +NAME KIND STATUS AGE INFO +⟳ devops-info-devops-info-service Rollout ॥ Paused 100s +├──# revision:2 +│ └──⧉ devops-info-devops-info-service-544f6fdfb7 ReplicaSet ✔ Healthy 38s canary +│ └──□ devops-info-devops-info-service-544f6fdfb7-lcm74 Pod ✔ Running 38s ready:1/1 +└──# revision:1 + └──⧉ devops-info-devops-info-service-58cf784744 ReplicaSet ✔ Healthy 100s stable + ├──□ devops-info-devops-info-service-58cf784744-7swqs Pod ✔ Running 100s ready:1/1 + ├──□ devops-info-devops-info-service-58cf784744-cmpnr Pod ✔ Running 100s ready:1/1 + └──□ devops-info-devops-info-service-58cf784744-qpkgd Pod ✔ Running 100s ready:1/1 +``` + +**Key Observations:** +- 1 canary pod (revision 2) with v2 image +- 3 stable pods (revision 1) with latest image +- Actual weight is 25% (1 out of 4 pods) +- Rollout is paused, waiting for manual promotion + +### Manual Promotion + +```bash +# Promote to next step +$ kubectl argo rollouts promote devops-info-devops-info-service +rollout 'devops-info-devops-info-service' promoted +``` + +After promotion, the rollout automatically progresses through steps 2-8 with the configured pause durations. + +### Canary Rollback + +**Aborting a Rollout:** + +```bash +# Abort during canary progression +$ kubectl argo rollouts abort devops-info-devops-info-service +rollout 'devops-info-devops-info-service' aborted +``` + +**Output After Abort:** +``` +Name: devops-info-devops-info-service +Namespace: default +Status: ✖ Degraded +Message: RolloutAborted: Rollout aborted update to revision 2 +Strategy: Canary + Step: 0/9 + SetWeight: 0 + ActualWeight: 0 +Images: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest (stable) +Replicas: + Desired: 3 + Current: 3 + Updated: 0 + Ready: 3 + Available: 3 + +NAME KIND STATUS AGE INFO +⟳ devops-info-devops-info-service Rollout ✖ Degraded 2m23s +├──# revision:2 +│ └──⧉ devops-info-devops-info-service-544f6fdfb7 ReplicaSet • ScaledDown 81s canary +│ └──□ devops-info-devops-info-service-544f6fdfb7-lcm74 Pod ◌ Terminating 81s ready:1/1 +└──# revision:1 + └──⧉ devops-info-devops-info-service-58cf784744 ReplicaSet ✔ Healthy 2m23s stable + ├──□ devops-info-devops-info-service-58cf784744-7swqs Pod ✔ Running 2m23s ready:1/1 + ├──□ devops-info-devops-info-service-58cf784744-cmpnr Pod ✔ Running 2m23s ready:1/1 + └──□ devops-info-devops-info-service-58cf784744-6nbc5 Pod ✔ Running 23s ready:1/1 +``` + +**Key Observations:** +- Canary pods are terminated +- Traffic is shifted back to stable version +- Rollout shows "Degraded" status with abort message +- All pods are restored to stable version (revision 1) + +--- + +## Blue-Green Deployment + +### Configuration + +**Rollout Strategy:** + +```yaml +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Rollout +metadata: + name: devops-info-service +spec: + replicas: 3 + selector: + matchLabels: + app: devops-info-service + template: + # Pod template spec... + strategy: + blueGreen: + activeService: devops-info-service + previewService: devops-info-service-preview + autoPromotionEnabled: false # Manual promotion + # autoPromotionSeconds: 30 # Or auto-promote after 30s +``` + +### Services Configuration + +**Active Service** (`devops-info-service`): +- Serves production traffic +- Always points to stable/active version +- Updated only after promotion + +**Preview Service** (`devops-info-service-preview`): +- Serves new version for testing +- Points to green (new) version +- Allows testing before promotion + +```bash +# Check services +$ kubectl get svc | grep devops-info +devops-info-bg-devops-info-service NodePort 10.109.167.86 80:30080/TCP +devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-preview NodePort 10.106.147.201 80:30081/TCP +``` + +### Blue-Green Rollout Flow + +**1. Initial State (Blue Active):** + +```bash +$ kubectl argo rollouts get rollout devops-info-bg-devops-info-service +``` + +**Output:** +``` +Name: devops-info-bg-devops-info-service +Namespace: default +Status: ✔ Healthy +Strategy: BlueGreen +Images: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest (stable, active) +Replicas: + Desired: 3 + Current: 3 + Updated: 3 + Ready: 3 + Available: 3 + +NAME KIND STATUS AGE INFO +⟳ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service Rollout ✔ Healthy 38s +└──# revision:1 + └──⧉ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4 ReplicaSet ✔ Healthy 38s stable,active + ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-w6rzj Pod ✔ Running 38s ready:1/1 + ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-x6b8z Pod ✔ Running 38s ready:1/1 + └──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-zpppg Pod ✔ Running 38s ready:1/1 +``` + +**2. After Update (Green Preview, Blue Active):** + +```bash +# Update to v2 +$ kubectl argo rollouts set image devops-info-bg-devops-info-service devops-info-service=haruyume/devops-info-service:v2 + +# Check status +$ kubectl argo rollouts get rollout devops-info-bg-devops-info-service +``` + +**Output:** +``` +Name: devops-info-bg-devops-info-service +Namespace: default +Status: ॥ Paused +Message: BlueGreenPause +Strategy: BlueGreen +Images: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest (stable, active) + haruyume/devops-info-service:v2 (preview) +Replicas: + Desired: 3 + Current: 6 + Updated: 3 + Ready: 3 + Available: 3 + +NAME KIND STATUS AGE INFO +⟳ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service Rollout ॥ Paused 67s +├──# revision:2 +│ └──⧉ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-6df7cc7c69 ReplicaSet ✔ Healthy 21s preview +│ ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-6df7cc7c69-5zrqq Pod ✔ Running 21s ready:1/1 +│ ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-6df7cc7c69-6pmwk Pod ✔ Running 21s ready:1/1 +│ └──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-6df7cc7c69-nl47n Pod ✔ Running 21s ready:1/1 +└──# revision:1 + └──⧉ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4 ReplicaSet ✔ Healthy 67s stable,active + ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-w6rzj Pod ✔ Running 67s ready:1/1 + ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-x6b8z Pod ✔ Running 67s ready:1/1 + └──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-zpppg Pod ✔ Running 67s ready:1/1 +``` + +**Key Observations:** +- **6 total pods running** (3 blue + 3 green) +- Blue (revision 1) pods are **stable, active** - receiving production traffic +- Green (revision 2) pods are **preview** - accessible via preview service +- Traffic is **NOT split** - all production traffic goes to active (blue) + +**Service Selectors During Preview:** + +```bash +# Active service selector (production traffic) +$ kubectl get svc devops-info-bg-devops-info-service -o yaml | grep -A 3 selector + selector: + app.kubernetes.io/instance: devops-info-bg + app.kubernetes.io/name: devops-info-service + rollouts-pod-template-hash: 7486f9b7d4 # Blue version + +# Preview service selector (test traffic) +$ kubectl get svc devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-preview -o yaml | grep -A 3 selector + selector: + app.kubernetes.io/instance: devops-info-bg + app.kubernetes.io/name: devops-info-service + rollouts-pod-template-hash: 6df7cc7c69 # Green version +``` + +### Testing Preview Environment + +```bash +# Test active (blue) version +kubectl port-forward svc/devops-info-bg-devops-info-service 8080:80 +# Visit http://localhost:8080 + +# Test preview (green) version +kubectl port-forward svc/devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-preview 8081:80 +# Visit http://localhost:8081 +``` + +### Promotion to Active + +```bash +# Promote green to active +$ kubectl argo rollouts promote devops-info-bg-devops-info-service +rollout 'devops-info-bg-devops-info-service' promoted +``` + +**Output After Promotion:** +``` +Name: devops-info-bg-devops-info-service +Namespace: default +Status: ✔ Healthy +Strategy: BlueGreen +Images: haruyume/devops-info-service:v2 (stable, active) +Replicas: + Desired: 3 + Current: 3 + Updated: 3 + Ready: 3 + Available: 3 + +NAME KIND STATUS AGE INFO +⟳ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service Rollout ✔ Healthy 2m8s +├──# revision:2 +│ └──⧉ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-6df7cc7c69 ReplicaSet ✔ Healthy 82s stable,active +│ ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-6df7cc7c69-5zrqq Pod ✔ Running 82s ready:1/1 +│ ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-6df7cc7c69-6pmwk Pod ✔ Running 82s ready:1/1 +│ └──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-6df7cc7c69-nl47n Pod ✔ Running 82s ready:1/1 +└──# revision:1 + └──⧉ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4 ReplicaSet • ScaledDown 2m8s + ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-w6rzj Pod ◌ Terminating 2m8s ready:1/1 + ├──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-x6b8z Pod ◌ Terminating 2m8s ready:1/1 + └──□ devops-info-bg-devops-info-service-7486f9b7d4-zpppg Pod ◌ Terminating 2m8s ready:1/1 +``` + +**Key Observations:** +- **Instant traffic switch** - active service selector updated immediately +- Green pods (revision 2) now marked as **stable, active** +- Blue pods (revision 1) being terminated +- Zero downtime during switchover + +### Instant Rollback + +Blue-Green deployments support instant rollback because the old version (blue) remains running until the scaledown delay period: + +```bash +# If issues detected, rollback before blue pods are terminated +$ kubectl argo rollouts undo devops-info-bg-devops-info-service +``` + +This switches traffic back to blue instantly. + +--- + +## Strategy Comparison + +### Canary vs Blue-Green + +| Aspect | Canary | Blue-Green | +|--------|--------|------------| +| **Traffic Shift** | Gradual (20% → 40% → 60% → 80% → 100%) | Instant (0% → 100%) | +| **Resource Usage** | Efficient (pods scaled gradually) | Higher (2x pods during deployment) | +| **Testing Window** | Continuous monitoring during rollout | Test in preview environment before switch | +| **Rollback Speed** | Gradual (traffic shifts back) | Instant (selector switch) | +| **Risk Level** | Lower (gradual exposure) | Higher (all-or-nothing) | +| **Complexity** | More steps, longer process | Simpler, faster | +| **Use Cases** | - Microservices
- APIs
- Backend services | - Frontend apps
- Major releases
- Database-heavy apps | + +### When to Use Each Strategy + +**Use Canary When:** +- You want to gradually expose users to new features +- You have good monitoring/metrics in place +- You can tolerate longer deployment times +- The service can handle mixed versions simultaneously +- You want to catch issues affecting small percentage of users + +**Use Blue-Green When:** +- You need instant rollback capability +- You want to test fully before switching traffic +- You can afford 2x resources during deployment +- You have database migrations or schema changes +- You need deterministic deployment windows (e.g., maintenance windows) + +--- + +## CLI Commands Reference + +### Rollout Management + +```bash +# Get rollout status +kubectl argo rollouts get rollout + +# Watch rollout in real-time +kubectl argo rollouts get rollout --watch + +# List all rollouts +kubectl argo rollouts list rollouts + +# Describe rollout +kubectl describe rollout +``` + +### Rollout Control + +```bash +# Promote to next step (canary) or to active (blue-green) +kubectl argo rollouts promote + +# Abort a rollout +kubectl argo rollouts abort + +# Retry an aborted rollout +kubectl argo rollouts retry rollout + +# Undo rollout (rollback to previous version) +kubectl argo rollouts undo + +# Pause a rollout +kubectl argo rollouts pause + +# Resume a paused rollout +kubectl argo rollouts resume +``` + +### Image Management + +```bash +# Update rollout image +kubectl argo rollouts set image =: + +# Example +kubectl argo rollouts set image my-rollout app=nginx:1.19 +``` + +### Rollout History + +```bash +# View rollout history +kubectl argo rollouts history + +# Rollback to specific revision +kubectl argo rollouts undo --to-revision=2 +``` + +### Dashboard + +```bash +# Start dashboard (port-forward) +kubectl port-forward svc/argo-rollouts-dashboard -n argo-rollouts 3100:3100 + +# Access at http://localhost:3100 +``` + +### Troubleshooting + +```bash +# Get rollout events +kubectl get events --field-selector involvedObject.name= + +# View rollout logs +kubectl logs -l app= + +# Check replicaset details +kubectl describe replicaset + +# View controller logs +kubectl logs -n argo-rollouts -l app.kubernetes.io/name=argo-rollouts +``` + +--- + +## Helm Integration + +### Values File Configuration + +**Canary Strategy (`values.yaml`):** + +```yaml +rollout: + strategy: "canary" + blueGreen: + autoPromotionEnabled: false +``` + +**Blue-Green Strategy (`values-bluegreen.yaml`):** + +```yaml +rollout: + strategy: "blueGreen" + blueGreen: + autoPromotionEnabled: false + # autoPromotionSeconds: 30 +``` + +### Deployment Commands + +```bash +# Install with canary strategy +helm install my-app ./chart --values values.yaml + +# Install with blue-green strategy +helm install my-app-bg ./chart --values values-bluegreen.yaml + +# Update image (use kubectl argo rollouts instead of helm upgrade for blue-green) +kubectl argo rollouts set image my-app-bg app=myimage:v2 +``` + +--- + +## Summary + +Argo Rollouts provides powerful progressive delivery capabilities: + +1. **Canary Deployments**: Gradual traffic shifting with automatic progression and manual gates +2. **Blue-Green Deployments**: Instant traffic switching with preview environments +3. **Flexible Strategies**: Choose based on your application requirements and risk tolerance +4. **Easy Rollbacks**: Quick recovery from failed deployments +5. **Helm Integration**: Seamless integration with existing Helm charts + +**Key Takeaways:** +- Canary is ideal for gradual, low-risk rollouts +- Blue-Green is perfect for instant switches with full testing +- Both strategies support manual and automated workflows +- Dashboard provides real-time visualization +- CLI tools offer comprehensive control + +--- + +## Resources + +- [Argo Rollouts Documentation](https://argoproj.github.io/argo-rollouts/) +- [Canary Strategy Guide](https://argoproj.github.io/argo-rollouts/features/canary/) +- [Blue-Green Strategy Guide](https://argoproj.github.io/argo-rollouts/features/bluegreen/) +- [kubectl Plugin](https://argoproj.github.io/argo-rollouts/features/kubectl-plugin/) diff --git a/k8s/SECRETS.md b/k8s/SECRETS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7ccc2df10f --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/SECRETS.md @@ -0,0 +1,1176 @@ +# Lab 11 — Kubernetes Secrets & HashiCorp Vault + +This document provides comprehensive documentation of secret management implementation using both Kubernetes native Secrets and HashiCorp Vault with sidecar injection pattern. + +--- + +## Table of Contents + +1. [Kubernetes Secrets](#1-kubernetes-secrets) +2. [Helm Secret Integration](#2-helm-secret-integration) +3. [Resource Management](#3-resource-management) +4. [Vault Integration](#4-vault-integration) +5. [Security Analysis](#5-security-analysis) + +--- + +## 1. Kubernetes Secrets + +### 1.1 Creating Secrets with kubectl + +**Command to create secret:** +```bash +$ kubectl create secret generic app-credentials --from-literal=username=admin --from-literal=password=secure123 +secret/app-credentials created +``` + +### 1.2 Viewing Secrets + +**Command to view secret in YAML format:** +```bash +$ kubectl get secret app-credentials -o yaml +``` + +**Output:** +```yaml +apiVersion: v1 +data: + password: c2VjdXJlMTIz + username: YWRtaW4= +kind: Secret +metadata: + creationTimestamp: "2026-04-09T21:31:18Z" + name: app-credentials + namespace: default + resourceVersion: "4298" + uid: ab990745-9105-48fd-88d2-4ccb36d8814c +type: Opaque +``` + +### 1.3 Decoding Base64 Values + +**Decoding the username:** +```bash +$ echo "YWRtaW4=" | base64 -d +admin +``` + +**Decoding the password:** +```bash +$ echo "c2VjdXJlMTIz" | base64 -d +secure123 +``` + +### 1.4 Base64 Encoding vs Encryption + +**Critical Understanding: Base64 ≠ Encryption** + +- **Base64 encoding** is a reversible encoding scheme that converts binary data to ASCII text +- **NOT encryption** - anyone with access to the Kubernetes API can decode these values +- Secrets are stored in plaintext (base64-encoded) in etcd by default +- Base64 is used for safe transmission, not for security + +**Visual Example:** +``` +Plain Text → Base64 Encoding → c2VjdXJlMTIz + ← Base64 Decoding ← c2VjdXJlMTIz +``` + +This is **NOT** the same as: +``` +Plain Text → Encryption (with key) → 8f3a9c2b... + ← Decryption (needs key) ← 8f3a9c2b... +``` + +### 1.5 Security Implications + +#### Default Security Model + +**Kubernetes Secrets are NOT encrypted at rest by default:** + +1. **Storage**: Secrets are stored base64-encoded in etcd (Kubernetes data store) +2. **Access**: Anyone with API access can read and decode secrets +3. **Transmission**: Secrets are only encrypted in transit between API server and nodes (TLS) +4. **At Rest**: No encryption by default when stored in etcd + +#### Enabling Encryption at Rest + +For production environments, you should enable etcd encryption: + +**Step 1: Create encryption configuration** +```yaml +apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 +kind: EncryptionConfiguration +resources: + - resources: + - secrets + providers: + - aescbc: + keys: + - name: key1 + secret: + - identity: {} +``` + +**Step 2: Configure API server** +```bash +kube-apiserver --encryption-provider-config=/etc/kubernetes/encryption-config.yaml +``` + +**Step 3: Encrypt existing secrets** +```bash +kubectl get secrets --all-namespaces -o json | kubectl replace -f - +``` + +#### RBAC Requirements + +**Principle of Least Privilege:** + +```yaml +apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 +kind: Role +metadata: + name: secret-reader +rules: +- apiGroups: [""] + resources: ["secrets"] + verbs: ["get", "list"] + resourceNames: ["app-credentials"] +``` + +**Best Practices:** +- Grant secret access only to necessary service accounts +- Use namespaces to isolate secrets +- Implement audit logging for secret access +- Rotate secrets regularly + +#### Why External Secret Managers? + +**Limitations of Kubernetes Secrets:** +- No native secret rotation +- No audit trail by default +- No dynamic secret generation +- Limited access control policies +- Difficult secret lifecycle management + +**Benefits of External Secret Managers (Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, etc.):** +- Automatic secret rotation +- Comprehensive audit logging +- Dynamic credential generation +- Fine-grained access policies +- Centralized secret management across multiple clusters +- Encryption at rest by default + +--- + +## 2. Helm Secret Integration + +### 2.1 Chart Structure + +The Helm chart now includes secret management: + +``` +k8s/devops-info-service/ +├── Chart.yaml +├── values.yaml +├── values-dev.yaml +├── values-prod.yaml +└── templates/ + ├── deployment.yaml + ├── service.yaml + ├── serviceaccount.yaml + ├── secrets.yaml ← New: Secret template + ├── _helpers.tpl + ├── NOTES.txt + └── hooks/ + ├── pre-install-job.yaml + └── post-install-job.yaml +``` + +### 2.2 Secret Template + +**File: `templates/secrets.yaml`** + +```yaml +{{- if .Values.secrets.enabled -}} +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Secret +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-secret + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +type: Opaque +stringData: + {{- range $key, $value := .Values.secrets.data }} + {{ $key }}: {{ $value | quote }} + {{- end }} +{{- end }} +``` + +**Key Features:** +- Uses `stringData` for plain text values (auto-encoded to base64) +- Conditional rendering based on `secrets.enabled` +- Templated name using Helm helper function +- Standard Kubernetes labels for organization +- Iterates over all secret key-value pairs from values + +### 2.3 Values Configuration + +**Default configuration in `values.yaml`:** + +```yaml +secrets: + enabled: true + data: + DB_USERNAME: "placeholder-user" + DB_PASSWORD: "placeholder-pass" + API_KEY: "placeholder-key" +``` + +**Development configuration in `values-dev.yaml`:** + +```yaml +secrets: + enabled: true + data: + DB_USERNAME: "dev-user" + DB_PASSWORD: "dev-password" + API_KEY: "dev-api-key-12345" +``` + +**Important Notes:** +- Never commit real secrets to Git repositories +- Use placeholder values in version control +- Override with `--set` flag or external secret management in production +- Different values per environment for testing isolation + +### 2.4 Deployment Secret Injection + +**Modified `templates/deployment.yaml` (relevant section):** + +```yaml +spec: + template: + spec: + containers: + - name: {{ .Chart.Name }} + env: + {{- toYaml .Values.env | nindent 12 }} + {{- if .Values.secrets.enabled }} + envFrom: + - secretRef: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-secret + {{- end }} +``` + +**Injection Pattern:** +- `envFrom` with `secretRef` injects **all** secret keys as environment variables +- Conditional based on `secrets.enabled` flag +- Secret name dynamically generated from release name +- Alternative: Individual `env` entries with `secretKeyRef` for specific keys + +### 2.5 Verification Evidence + +**Created secret:** +```bash +$ kubectl get secret -l "app.kubernetes.io/instance=devops-dev" +NAME TYPE DATA AGE +devops-dev-devops-info-service-secret Opaque 3 5m +``` + +**Environment variables in pod:** +```bash +$ kubectl exec devops-dev-devops-info-service-59bd64575f-6srts -- env | grep -E '(DB_|API_)' | sort +API_KEY=dev-api-key-12345 +DB_PASSWORD=dev-password +DB_USERNAME=dev-user +``` + +**Secrets NOT visible in pod description:** +```bash +$ kubectl describe pod devops-dev-devops-info-service-59bd64575f-6srts | grep -A 20 "Environment:" + Environment: + PORT: 5000 + HOST: 0.0.0.0 + Mounts: + /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from kube-api-access-wwswx (ro) +``` + +**Key Observation:** +- The secret environment variables are **not displayed** in `kubectl describe` +- Values are only accessible inside the container +- This prevents accidental exposure via kubectl commands +- Secret values are still accessible with proper pod exec permissions + +--- + +## 3. Resource Management + +### 3.1 Current Resource Configuration + +**From `values.yaml`:** + +```yaml +resources: + limits: + cpu: 200m + memory: 256Mi + requests: + cpu: 100m + memory: 128Mi +``` + +**Per-environment overrides:** + +| Environment | CPU Request | CPU Limit | Memory Request | Memory Limit | +|-------------|-------------|-----------|----------------|--------------| +| Default | 100m | 200m | 128Mi | 256Mi | +| Dev | 50m | 100m | 64Mi | 128Mi | +| Prod | 200m | 500m | 256Mi | 512Mi | + +### 3.2 Requests vs Limits Explained + +#### Resource Requests + +**Definition:** Guaranteed minimum resources for the container + +**Purpose:** +- Used by Kubernetes scheduler to find suitable nodes +- Ensures container gets at least this amount of resources +- Container can use more if available (up to limit) + +**Impact:** +- Pod won't be scheduled if no node has sufficient free resources +- QoS class determination (Guaranteed, Burstable, BestEffort) + +**Example:** +```yaml +requests: + cpu: 100m # Guaranteed 0.1 CPU core + memory: 128Mi # Guaranteed 128 MiB memory +``` + +#### Resource Limits + +**Definition:** Maximum resources the container can use + +**Purpose:** +- Prevents resource exhaustion +- Protects other pods on the same node +- Enforces resource boundaries + +**Behavior:** +- **CPU:** Throttled when limit is reached (container slows down) +- **Memory:** Container is killed (OOMKilled) when limit is exceeded + +**Example:** +```yaml +limits: + cpu: 200m # Max 0.2 CPU core (throttled beyond this) + memory: 256Mi # Max 256 MiB (OOMKilled if exceeded) +``` + +### 3.3 Quality of Service (QoS) Classes + +Based on resource configuration, pods get assigned a QoS class: + +| QoS Class | Configuration | Behavior | +|-----------|---------------|----------| +| **Guaranteed** | Requests = Limits for all containers | Highest priority, last to be evicted | +| **Burstable** | Requests < Limits (or only requests set) | Medium priority, evicted before Guaranteed | +| **BestEffort** | No requests or limits set | Lowest priority, first to be evicted | + +**Our configuration:** Burstable (requests < limits) + +### 3.4 Choosing Appropriate Values + +#### Guidelines for Sizing + +**CPU:** +``` +Request = Average usage during normal operation +Limit = Peak usage during high load (2-3x request) +``` + +**Memory:** +``` +Request = Minimum working memory +Limit = Maximum before OOM (1.5-2x request) +``` + +#### Measurement Process + +1. **Start with estimates:** + ```yaml + requests: + cpu: 100m + memory: 128Mi + limits: + cpu: 500m + memory: 512Mi + ``` + +2. **Monitor actual usage:** + ```bash + kubectl top pod devops-dev-devops-info-service-xxxxx + ``` + +3. **Adjust based on metrics:** + - If consistently hitting limits → increase limits + - If using much less than requests → decrease requests + - Monitor for OOMKilled events + +4. **Load testing:** + ```bash + # Use tools like k6, Apache Bench, or hey + hey -z 30s -c 50 http://service-url/ + ``` + +#### Production Considerations + +**Right-sizing benefits:** +- ✅ Better cluster utilization +- ✅ Faster pod scheduling +- ✅ Cost optimization +- ✅ Improved stability + +**Our current configuration rationale:** +- **CPU 100m/200m:** Suitable for I/O-bound Flask application +- **Memory 128Mi/256Mi:** Adequate for Python runtime + application code +- **Dev environment:** Lower resources for cost efficiency +- **Prod environment:** Higher resources for performance and reliability + +--- + +## 4. Vault Integration + +### 4.1 Vault Installation + +**Add HashiCorp Helm repository:** +```bash +$ helm repo add hashicorp https://helm.releases.hashicorp.com +"hashicorp" has been added to your repositories + +$ helm repo update +Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories... +...Successfully got an update from the "hashicorp" chart repository +Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈ +``` + +**Install Vault in dev mode:** +```bash +$ helm install vault hashicorp/vault \ + --set "server.dev.enabled=true" \ + --set "injector.enabled=true" + +NAME: vault +LAST DEPLOYED: Fri Apr 10 00:32:46 2026 +NAMESPACE: default +STATUS: deployed +REVISION: 1 +``` + +**Verify Vault pods:** +```bash +$ kubectl get pods | grep vault +vault-0 1/1 Running 0 5m +vault-agent-injector-848dd747d7-2rbcd 1/1 Running 0 5m +``` + +**Pod Status:** +- `vault-0`: Main Vault server (dev mode) +- `vault-agent-injector`: Mutating webhook for sidecar injection + +### 4.2 Vault Configuration + +#### Enable KV Secrets Engine + +```bash +$ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault secrets enable -path=secret kv-v2 +# Already enabled in dev mode at secret/ +``` + +**Dev mode note:** KV v2 secrets engine is pre-configured at `secret/` path. + +#### Create Application Secrets + +```bash +$ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault kv put secret/devops-info-service/config \ + db_host="postgres.default.svc" \ + db_port="5432" \ + api_endpoint="https://api.example.com" + +============= Secret Path ============= +secret/data/devops-info-service/config + +======= Metadata ======= +Key Value +--- ----- +created_time 2026-04-09T21:33:53.160180086Z +custom_metadata +deletion_time n/a +destroyed false +version 1 +``` + +#### Verify Secrets + +```bash +$ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault kv get secret/devops-info-service/config + +============= Secret Path ============= +secret/data/devops-info-service/config + +======== Data ======== +Key Value +--- ----- +api_endpoint https://api.example.com +db_host postgres.default.svc +db_port 5432 +``` + +### 4.3 Kubernetes Authentication + +#### Enable Kubernetes Auth Method + +```bash +$ kubectl exec vault-0 -- vault auth enable kubernetes +Success! Enabled kubernetes auth method at: kubernetes/ +``` + +#### Configure Kubernetes Auth + +```bash +$ kubectl exec vault-0 -- sh -c \ + 'vault write auth/kubernetes/config \ + kubernetes_host="https://$KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR:443"' + +Success! Data written to: auth/kubernetes/config +``` + +**What this does:** +- Tells Vault how to communicate with Kubernetes API +- Uses environment variable available inside pod +- Required for Vault to verify Kubernetes service account tokens + +### 4.4 Policy Configuration + +#### Create Vault Policy + +```bash +$ kubectl exec vault-0 -- sh -c 'vault policy write devops-info-service - < deletion_time: destroyed:false version:1] +``` + +**File location:** `/vault/secrets/config` +- Path determined by annotation name suffix (`-secret-config`) +- Contains both secret data and metadata +- Automatically updated when secret changes in Vault + +### 4.8 Sidecar Injection Pattern + +#### Architecture Diagram + +``` +┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ +│ Pod │ +│ │ +│ ┌────────────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────────┐│ +│ │ │ │ ││ +│ │ vault-agent │ │ devops-info-service ││ +│ │ (Sidecar) │ │ (Main Container) ││ +│ │ │ │ ││ +│ │ 1. Authenticate with │ │ 1. Reads secrets from ││ +│ │ Vault using K8s │ │ /vault/secrets/ ││ +│ │ service account │ │ ││ +│ │ │ │ 2. Uses secrets in ││ +│ │ 2. Fetch secrets from │ │ application logic ││ +│ │ secret path │ │ ││ +│ │ │ │ 3. No code changes ││ +│ │ 3. Write to shared │ │ needed ││ +│ │ volume at │ │ ││ +│ │ /vault/secrets/ │ │ ││ +│ │ │ │ ││ +│ │ 4. Renew token & │ │ ││ +│ │ refresh secrets │ │ ││ +│ │ automatically │ │ ││ +│ │ │ │ ││ +│ └────────┬───────────────┘ └─────────┬───────────────┘│ +│ │ │ │ +│ └────────► Shared Volume ◄───┘ │ +│ /vault/secrets/ │ +│ │ +└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ + │ + │ Authenticates & Fetches Secrets + ▼ + ┌──────────────────────┐ + │ HashiCorp Vault │ + │ │ + │ - KV Secrets Store │ + │ - K8s Auth Method │ + │ - Policies & Roles │ + └──────────────────────┘ +``` + +#### How Sidecar Injection Works + +**Step 1: Mutating Webhook** +- Vault agent injector watches for pod creation +- Detects Vault annotations on pod spec +- Modifies pod specification before creation + +**Step 2: Init Container** +- Runs before main container starts +- Authenticates with Vault using service account token +- Fetches initial secrets and writes to shared volume + +**Step 3: Sidecar Container** +- Runs alongside main container +- Keeps secrets fresh by renewing tokens +- Updates secret files when they change in Vault +- Handles authentication renewal + +**Step 4: Main Container** +- Reads secrets from shared volume at `/vault/secrets/` +- No code changes required +- Application unaware of Vault integration + +#### Benefits of Sidecar Pattern + +**Advantages:** +- ✅ Zero application code changes +- ✅ Automatic secret renewal +- ✅ Secrets never touch CI/CD pipeline +- ✅ Centralized secret management +- ✅ Audit trail in Vault +- ✅ Works with legacy applications + +**Disadvantages:** +- ❌ Additional memory overhead (~50MB per pod) +- ❌ Additional CPU usage +- ❌ Slightly slower pod startup +- ❌ Complexity in debugging + +#### Alternative: Vault CSI Driver + +For production, consider the Vault CSI (Container Storage Interface) driver: +- More native Kubernetes integration +- Lower resource overhead +- Better performance +- Requires CSI support in cluster + +--- + +## 5. Security Analysis + +### 5.1 Kubernetes Secrets vs HashiCorp Vault + +#### Comprehensive Comparison + +| Feature | Kubernetes Secrets | HashiCorp Vault | +|---------|-------------------|-----------------| +| **Encryption at Rest** | Optional (requires etcd encryption) | Yes, always enabled | +| **Encryption in Transit** | Yes (TLS to nodes) | Yes (TLS everywhere) | +| **Access Control** | RBAC (namespace-level) | Fine-grained policies (path-level) | +| **Audit Logging** | Basic (API audit logs) | Comprehensive (all operations) | +| **Secret Rotation** | Manual only | Automatic (with dynamic secrets) | +| **Dynamic Secrets** | No | Yes (DB, cloud credentials, etc.) | +| **Secret Versioning** | No | Yes (KV v2 engine) | +| **Secret Expiration** | No | Yes (TTL-based) | +| **Multi-cluster** | No (per-cluster) | Yes (centralized) | +| **Complexity** | Low | Medium-High | +| **Setup Time** | Minutes | Hours | +| **Operational Overhead** | Low | Medium | +| **Cost** | Free | Free (OSS) or Paid (Enterprise) | +| **Learning Curve** | Easy | Moderate | +| **Integration Effort** | Minimal | Moderate | +| **Secret Discovery** | Manual documentation | Secret engines & metadata | +| **Compliance** | Basic | Advanced (SOC 2, HIPAA, PCI-DSS) | + +#### Detailed Feature Breakdown + +**Encryption:** +- **K8s Secrets:** Base64 encoding by default, encryption requires configuration +- **Vault:** AES-256 encryption always, with key rotation capabilities + +**Access Control:** +- **K8s Secrets:** RBAC binds to service accounts/users at namespace level +- **Vault:** Path-based policies with granular read/write/list/delete permissions + +**Audit:** +- **K8s Secrets:** Kubernetes API audit logs (if enabled) +- **Vault:** Every operation logged with request/response details + +**Rotation:** +- **K8s Secrets:** Update secret → restart pods (manual process) +- **Vault:** Dynamic secrets auto-expire, static secrets can auto-rotate + +**Dynamic Secrets:** +- **K8s Secrets:** Not supported +- **Vault:** Generate on-demand (DB creds, AWS keys, certificates) + +### 5.2 When to Use Each Approach + +#### Use Kubernetes Secrets When: + +✅ **Development Environments** +- Fast iteration needed +- Secret management complexity not justified +- Learning Kubernetes fundamentals + +✅ **Simple Applications** +- Few secrets (< 10) +- Secrets rarely change +- Single cluster deployment + +✅ **Non-Critical Data** +- Public API keys (rate-limited, not sensitive) +- Feature flags +- Configuration that's not truly secret + +✅ **Resource Constraints** +- Cannot allocate resources for Vault +- No dedicated security team + +**Example Use Case:** +```yaml +# Simple microservice with a few API keys +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Secret +metadata: + name: api-keys +data: + stripe: cHVibGljX2tleQ== + sendgrid: bm90X3NlY3JldA== +``` + +#### Use HashiCorp Vault When: + +✅ **Production Environments** +- Security is critical +- Compliance requirements (SOC 2, HIPAA, PCI-DSS) +- Need audit trails + +✅ **Complex Secret Management** +- Many secrets (> 50) +- Multiple applications sharing secrets +- Multi-cluster deployments +- Multi-cloud infrastructure + +✅ **Sensitive Data** +- Database credentials +- API keys with high privileges +- Private keys and certificates +- Customer PII or payment data + +✅ **Dynamic Credentials** +- Need short-lived database credentials +- Temporary cloud provider access keys +- Just-in-time certificate generation + +✅ **Regulatory Requirements** +- Need comprehensive audit logs +- Must demonstrate encryption at rest +- Require secret rotation policies + +**Example Use Case:** +```hcl +# Dynamic database credentials (auto-rotate every 24h) +path "database/creds/readonly" { + capabilities = ["read"] +} + +# Application retrieves fresh credentials automatically +# Old credentials automatically revoked after TTL +``` + +### 5.3 Hybrid Approach + +**Best Practice:** Use both together + +``` +┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ +│ Application Architecture │ +├─────────────────────────────────────────┤ +│ │ +│ ┌───────────────────────────────────┐ │ +│ │ Non-Sensitive Configuration │ │ +│ │ (ConfigMaps & Basic Secrets) │ │ +│ │ │ │ +│ │ - Feature flags │ │ +│ │ - Public API keys │ │ +│ │ - Service discovery info │ │ +│ └───────────────────────────────────┘ │ +│ │ +│ ┌───────────────────────────────────┐ │ +│ │ Sensitive Secrets (Vault) │ │ +│ │ │ │ +│ │ - Database passwords │ │ +│ │ - Private API keys │ │ +│ │ - TLS certificates │ │ +│ │ - Encryption keys │ │ +│ └───────────────────────────────────┘ │ +│ │ +└─────────────────────────────────────────┘ +``` + +### 5.4 Production Recommendations + +#### 1. Always Use External Secret Manager in Production + +**Never rely on K8s Secrets alone for production:** +```bash +# ❌ Bad for production +kubectl create secret generic db-password --from-literal=password=prod123 + +# ✅ Good for production +# Secrets stored in Vault, injected via sidecar or CSI driver +``` + +#### 2. Enable etcd Encryption if Using K8s Secrets + +**Configure encryption at rest:** +```yaml +apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 +kind: EncryptionConfiguration +resources: + - resources: + - secrets + providers: + - aescbc: + keys: + - name: key1 + secret: <32-byte-base64-key> +``` + +#### 3. Implement Strict RBAC Policies + +**Principle of least privilege:** +```yaml +# Service accounts should only access their own secrets +apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 +kind: Role +metadata: + name: app-secret-reader +rules: +- apiGroups: [""] + resources: ["secrets"] + resourceNames: ["app-specific-secret"] # Limit to specific secrets + verbs: ["get"] # Read-only +``` + +#### 4. Regular Secret Rotation + +**Automated rotation schedule:** +- Database credentials: Every 90 days (or dynamic with Vault) +- API keys: Every 180 days +- TLS certificates: Every 365 days (or Let's Encrypt auto-renewal) +- Encryption keys: Yearly (with proper key migration) + +**Vault dynamic secrets (preferred):** +```bash +# Database credentials auto-rotate every 24 hours +vault write database/roles/app \ + db_name=production \ + creation_statements="CREATE USER..." \ + default_ttl="24h" \ + max_ttl="72h" +``` + +#### 5. Comprehensive Audit Logging + +**Enable Kubernetes audit logs:** +```yaml +# /etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml +apiVersion: audit.k8s.io/v1 +kind: Policy +rules: +- level: RequestResponse + resources: + - group: "" + resources: ["secrets"] +``` + +**Vault audit logging (enabled by default):** +```bash +vault audit enable file file_path=/vault/logs/audit.log +``` + +#### 6. Never Commit Secrets to Git + +**Prevention measures:** +- Use `.gitignore` for secret files +- Pre-commit hooks to detect secrets +- Use tools like `git-secrets`, `truffleHog`, or `gitleaks` +- Secret scanning in CI/CD pipelines + +**Example `.gitignore`:** +```gitignore +# Secrets +*.key +*.pem +secrets.yaml +.env +credentials.json +``` + +#### 7. Separate Secrets by Environment + +**Namespace isolation:** +```bash +# Production secrets in prod namespace +kubectl create secret -n production generic db-creds ... + +# Development secrets in dev namespace +kubectl create secret -n development generic db-creds ... +``` + +**Vault path separation:** +``` +secret/prod/database/credentials +secret/staging/database/credentials +secret/dev/database/credentials +``` + +#### 8. Monitor Secret Access + +**Set up alerts for:** +- Unauthorized secret access attempts +- Secret creation/deletion +- Failed Vault authentication +- Token renewal failures +- Policy violations + +**Example Prometheus alert:** +```yaml +- alert: UnauthorizedSecretAccess + expr: kubernetes_audit_event{resource="secrets", verb="get", responseStatus!="200"} > 0 + annotations: + description: "Unauthorized access to secret {{ $labels.name }}" +``` + +#### 9. Use Vault Namespaces for Multi-Tenancy + +**Vault Enterprise feature:** +```bash +# Create namespace per team +vault namespace create team-a +vault namespace create team-b + +# Secrets are isolated +vault kv put -namespace=team-a secret/app key=value +``` + +#### 10. Implement Secret Scanning + +**CI/CD pipeline integration:** +```yaml +# .github/workflows/security.yml +- name: Secret Scanning + uses: trufflesecurity/trufflehog@main + with: + path: ./ + base: ${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }} + head: HEAD +``` + +### 5.5 Migration Path + +#### Phase 1: Assessment (Week 1-2) +- Inventory all secrets across applications +- Classify secrets by sensitivity +- Identify secret usage patterns +- Document current secret management process + +#### Phase 2: Quick Wins (Week 3-4) +- Enable etcd encryption for K8s secrets +- Implement RBAC for secret access +- Set up secret scanning in CI/CD +- Document secret rotation procedures + +#### Phase 3: Vault Pilot (Month 2) +- Deploy Vault in non-production +- Migrate one application to Vault +- Train team on Vault basics +- Establish operational procedures + +#### Phase 4: Production Migration (Month 3-6) +- Deploy Vault in production with HA +- Migrate critical applications gradually +- Implement monitoring and alerting +- Document disaster recovery procedures + +#### Phase 5: Advanced Features (Month 6+) +- Enable dynamic secrets +- Implement auto-rotation +- Set up Vault replication (if Enterprise) +- Integrate with cloud secret managers + +--- + +## Conclusion + +This lab demonstrated two approaches to secret management in Kubernetes: + +1. **Kubernetes Secrets**: Simple, built-in, suitable for development +2. **HashiCorp Vault**: Enterprise-grade, feature-rich, production-ready + +**Key Takeaways:** +- Base64 encoding ≠ Encryption +- Secrets need encryption at rest in production +- External secret managers provide superior security +- Sidecar pattern enables zero-code-change integration +- Always implement least-privilege access control +- Regular rotation and audit logging are critical + +**Production Checklist:** +- ✅ Vault or cloud secret manager deployed +- ✅ etcd encryption enabled (if using K8s secrets) +- ✅ RBAC policies implemented +- ✅ Audit logging configured +- ✅ Secret rotation schedule established +- ✅ Monitoring and alerting set up +- ✅ Disaster recovery plan documented +- ✅ Team trained on secret management + diff --git a/k8s/STATEFULSET.md b/k8s/STATEFULSET.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..03a2b04e0c --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/STATEFULSET.md @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +# StatefulSet Implementation + +This document describes the implementation of StatefulSets for the DevOps Info Service, providing stable network identities and persistent per-pod storage. + +## Overview + +### StatefulSet vs Deployment + +**StatefulSet** is used for stateful applications that require: +- **Stable, unique network identifiers**: Each pod gets a predictable name (e.g., `pod-0`, `pod-1`, `pod-2`) +- **Stable, persistent storage**: Each pod has its own PersistentVolumeClaim that persists across pod restarts +- **Ordered, graceful deployment and scaling**: Pods are created/deleted in order (0→1→2) + +**Deployment** is better for stateless applications where: +- Pods are interchangeable with random names +- Shared storage (if any) across all replicas +- No ordering guarantees needed + +### When to Use StatefulSets + +StatefulSets are ideal for: +- **Databases**: MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB (each instance needs its own data) +- **Message Queues**: Kafka, RabbitMQ (stable identities for cluster membership) +- **Distributed Systems**: Elasticsearch, Cassandra (persistent identity for cluster coordination) +- **Applications with persistent state**: Our visits counter where each pod maintains its own count + +### Headless Services + +A **headless service** (`clusterIP: None`) creates DNS records for each pod, enabling direct pod-to-pod communication: + +``` +...svc.cluster.local +``` + +For example: +- `devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0.devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-headless.default.svc.cluster.local` + +This allows stable network identities that persist across pod restarts. + +--- + +## Implementation + +### Files Created + +1. **statefulset.yaml** - StatefulSet definition with volumeClaimTemplates +2. **service-headless.yaml** - Headless service for stable DNS names +3. **service.yaml** - Regular NodePort service for external access (already existed) + +### Key Configuration + +#### StatefulSet Template + +```yaml +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: StatefulSet +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} +spec: + serviceName: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-headless + replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }} + selector: + matchLabels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }} + volumeClaimTemplates: + - metadata: + name: data + spec: + accessModes: [ "{{ .Values.persistence.accessMode }}" ] + resources: + requests: + storage: {{ .Values.persistence.size }} +``` + +#### Headless Service + +```yaml +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-headless +spec: + clusterIP: None + selector: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 4 }} + ports: + - name: http + protocol: TCP + port: {{ .Values.service.port }} + targetPort: {{ .Values.service.targetPort }} +``` + +--- + +## Verification + +### Resource Status + +```bash +$ kubectl get po,sts,svc,pvc +``` + +**Output:** +``` +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +pod/devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 1/1 Running 0 2m3s +pod/devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-1 1/1 Running 0 8m52s +pod/devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-2 1/1 Running 0 8m45s + +NAME READY AGE +statefulset.apps/devops-info-sts-devops-info-service 3/3 9m1s + +NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE +service/devops-info-sts-devops-info-service NodePort 10.106.255.60 80:30080/TCP 9m1s +service/devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-headless ClusterIP None 80/TCP 9m1s +service/kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 443/TCP 14d + +NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE +persistentvolumeclaim/data-devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 Bound pvc-bfbede49-30bf-459b-a9b0-225faee51fa0 100Mi RWO standard 9m1s +persistentvolumeclaim/data-devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-1 Bound pvc-f083f49b-0646-41b2-9ff8-ee49cf12a8f2 100Mi RWO standard 8m52s +persistentvolumeclaim/data-devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-2 Bound pvc-039e93de-9f2b-4654-880f-d74be41268ca 100Mi RWO standard 8m45s +``` + +**Key Observations:** +- ✅ Pods have ordered names: `-0`, `-1`, `-2` +- ✅ StatefulSet shows 3/3 ready replicas +- ✅ Two services: regular NodePort + headless +- ✅ Each pod has its own PersistentVolumeClaim (per-pod storage) + +--- + +## DNS Resolution Testing + +### Test Command + +```bash +$ kubectl exec -it devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 -- python3 -c "import socket; \ + print('Pod-0:', socket.gethostbyname('devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0.devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-headless.default.svc.cluster.local')); \ + print('Pod-1:', socket.gethostbyname('devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-1.devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-headless.default.svc.cluster.local')); \ + print('Pod-2:', socket.gethostbyname('devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-2.devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-headless.default.svc.cluster.local'))" +``` + +**Output:** +``` +Pod-0: 10.244.0.55 +Pod-1: 10.244.0.57 +Pod-2: 10.244.0.58 +``` + +**Analysis:** +- ✅ Each pod has a stable DNS name that resolves to its cluster IP +- ✅ DNS names follow the pattern: `...svc.cluster.local` +- ✅ These DNS names persist even if pods are restarted + +--- + +## Per-Pod Storage Isolation + +### Test: Writing Different Data to Each Pod + +```bash +# Write different visit counts to each pod +$ kubectl exec devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 -- sh -c "echo 5 > /data/visits" +$ kubectl exec devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-1 -- sh -c "echo 10 > /data/visits" +$ kubectl exec devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-2 -- sh -c "echo 15 > /data/visits" +``` + +### Verification: Reading Data from Each Pod + +```bash +$ echo "Pod-0 visits:" && kubectl exec devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 -- cat /data/visits +$ echo "Pod-1 visits:" && kubectl exec devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-1 -- cat /data/visits +$ echo "Pod-2 visits:" && kubectl exec devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-2 -- cat /data/visits +``` + +**Output:** +``` +Pod-0 visits: +5 +Pod-1 visits: +10 +Pod-2 visits: +15 +``` + +**Analysis:** +- ✅ Each pod maintains its own independent storage +- ✅ Data written to one pod does not affect other pods +- ✅ Each pod's PersistentVolumeClaim is unique and isolated + +--- + +## Data Persistence Testing + +### Test: Pod Deletion and Recreation + +**Step 1: Delete pod-0** +```bash +$ kubectl delete pod devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 +pod "devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0" deleted +``` + +**Step 2: Wait for StatefulSet to recreate pod-0** +```bash +$ kubectl get pods +NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE +devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 1/1 Running 0 100s +devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-1 1/1 Running 0 8m29s +devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-2 1/1 Running 0 8m22s +``` + +**Step 3: Verify data persisted** +```bash +$ kubectl exec devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 -- cat /data/visits +5 +``` + +**Analysis:** +- ✅ Pod-0 was automatically recreated by the StatefulSet controller +- ✅ The new pod-0 reattached to the same PersistentVolumeClaim +- ✅ Data (value "5") persisted across pod deletion and recreation +- ✅ PVC remains bound even when pod is deleted +- ✅ StatefulSet guarantees the same PVC is used for the recreated pod + +--- + +## How It Works + +### VolumeClaimTemplates + +Unlike Deployments which can only reference existing PVCs, StatefulSets use `volumeClaimTemplates` to automatically create a PVC for each pod: + +```yaml +volumeClaimTemplates: + - metadata: + name: data + spec: + accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ] + resources: + requests: + storage: 100Mi +``` + +This creates PVCs named: `data--` + +### Pod Naming + +Pods are named: `-` where ordinal starts at 0: +- `devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0` +- `devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-1` +- `devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-2` + +### Ordered Deployment + +Pods are created in order: +1. Pod-0 created and becomes Ready +2. Pod-1 created and becomes Ready +3. Pod-2 created and becomes Ready + +During scale-down, pods are deleted in reverse order (2→1→0). + +--- + +## Deployment Commands + +### Install the Chart + +```bash +helm install devops-info-sts k8s/devops-info-service/ +``` + +### Verify Deployment + +```bash +kubectl get statefulset +kubectl get pods +kubectl get pvc +kubectl get svc +``` + +### Access the Application + +```bash +# Via NodePort service +minikube service devops-info-sts-devops-info-service + +# Via port-forward to specific pod +kubectl port-forward pod/devops-info-sts-devops-info-service-0 8080:5000 +``` + +### Cleanup + +```bash +helm uninstall devops-info-sts +# Note: PVCs are not automatically deleted +kubectl delete pvc -l app.kubernetes.io/instance=devops-info-sts +``` + +--- + +## Key Differences from Previous Rollout Implementation + +| Feature | Rollout (Lab 14) | StatefulSet (Lab 15) | +|---------|------------------|----------------------| +| **Purpose** | Progressive delivery (canary, blue-green) | Stateful applications | +| **Pod Names** | Random suffix | Ordered index | +| **Storage** | Shared or single PVC | Per-pod PVC via templates | +| **Scaling** | Any order | Ordered (0→1→2) | +| **Network Identity** | Random | Stable DNS names | +| **Use Case** | Stateless apps with safe rollout | Databases, stateful services | + +**Note:** Rollouts are for deployment strategies (how you roll out updates), while StatefulSets are for application architecture (applications needing stable identity/storage). + +--- + +## Conclusion + +StatefulSets provide the necessary guarantees for running stateful applications in Kubernetes: +- ✅ Stable, predictable pod names +- ✅ Stable network identities via headless services +- ✅ Per-pod persistent storage +- ✅ Ordered deployment and scaling +- ✅ Data persistence across pod restarts + +This implementation successfully demonstrates all the key features of StatefulSets, making it suitable for applications like databases, message queues, or any service requiring persistent state and stable identity. diff --git a/k8s/argocd/application-dev.yaml b/k8s/argocd/application-dev.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ed66109da6 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/argocd/application-dev.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Application +metadata: + name: devops-info-service-dev + namespace: argocd +spec: + project: default + source: + repoURL: https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git + targetRevision: lab13 + path: k8s/devops-info-service + helm: + valueFiles: + - values.yaml + - values-dev.yaml + destination: + server: https://kubernetes.default.svc + namespace: dev + syncPolicy: + automated: + prune: true + selfHeal: true + syncOptions: + - CreateNamespace=true diff --git a/k8s/argocd/application-prod.yaml b/k8s/argocd/application-prod.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..79f6234100 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/argocd/application-prod.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Application +metadata: + name: devops-info-service-prod + namespace: argocd +spec: + project: default + source: + repoURL: https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git + targetRevision: lab13 + path: k8s/devops-info-service + helm: + valueFiles: + - values.yaml + - values-prod.yaml + destination: + server: https://kubernetes.default.svc + namespace: prod + syncPolicy: + syncOptions: + - CreateNamespace=true diff --git a/k8s/argocd/application.yaml b/k8s/argocd/application.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d1fa190f68 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/argocd/application.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Application +metadata: + name: devops-info-service + namespace: argocd +spec: + project: default + source: + repoURL: https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course.git + targetRevision: lab13 + path: k8s/devops-info-service + helm: + valueFiles: + - values.yaml + destination: + server: https://kubernetes.default.svc + namespace: default + syncPolicy: + syncOptions: + - CreateNamespace=true diff --git a/k8s/demo-statefulset.yaml b/k8s/demo-statefulset.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6075048ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/demo-statefulset.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +# Lab 16 — Task 2 (Grafana): lightweight StatefulSet in default namespace for +# "Pod Resources" / namespace compute dashboards. +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: lab16-demo-sts + labels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-demo-sts +spec: + clusterIP: None + selector: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-demo-sts + ports: + - port: 80 + name: http + targetPort: 80 +--- +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: StatefulSet +metadata: + name: lab16-demo-sts + labels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-demo-sts +spec: + serviceName: lab16-demo-sts + replicas: 1 + selector: + matchLabels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-demo-sts + template: + metadata: + labels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-demo-sts + spec: + containers: + - name: nginx + image: nginx:1.25-alpine + ports: + - containerPort: 80 + resources: + requests: + cpu: 50m + memory: 64Mi + limits: + cpu: 200m + memory: 128Mi diff --git a/k8s/deployment.yml b/k8s/deployment.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bf09e8bddd --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/deployment.yml @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: Deployment +metadata: + name: devops-info-service + labels: + app: devops-info-service + version: "1.0.1" + environment: development +spec: + replicas: 5 + selector: + matchLabels: + app: devops-info-service + strategy: + type: RollingUpdate + rollingUpdate: + maxSurge: 1 + maxUnavailable: 0 + template: + metadata: + labels: + app: devops-info-service + version: "1.0.1" + spec: + containers: + - name: devops-info-service + image: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest + ports: + - containerPort: 5000 + protocol: TCP + env: + - name: PORT + value: "5000" + - name: HOST + value: "0.0.0.0" + resources: + requests: + memory: "128Mi" + cpu: "100m" + limits: + memory: "256Mi" + cpu: "200m" + livenessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 10 + periodSeconds: 10 + timeoutSeconds: 5 + failureThreshold: 3 + readinessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 5 + periodSeconds: 5 + timeoutSeconds: 3 + failureThreshold: 3 + securityContext: + allowPrivilegeEscalation: false + readOnlyRootFilesystem: false + runAsNonRoot: true + runAsUser: 1000 + restartPolicy: Always diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/.helmignore b/k8s/devops-info-service/.helmignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0e8a0eb36f --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/.helmignore @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Patterns to ignore when building packages. +# This supports shell glob matching, relative path matching, and +# negation (prefixed with !). Only one pattern per line. +.DS_Store +# Common VCS dirs +.git/ +.gitignore +.bzr/ +.bzrignore +.hg/ +.hgignore +.svn/ +# Common backup files +*.swp +*.bak +*.tmp +*.orig +*~ +# Various IDEs +.project +.idea/ +*.tmproj +.vscode/ diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/Chart.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/Chart.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..05c09343cc --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/Chart.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +apiVersion: v2 +name: devops-info-service +description: DevOps Info Service Helm Chart - A Python web application for DevOps course +type: application +version: 0.1.0 +appVersion: "1.0.1" +keywords: + - devops + - python + - web +maintainers: + - name: haru +sources: + - https://github.com/haruyume/DevOps-Core-Course diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/NOTES.txt b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/NOTES.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..664eb3041b --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/NOTES.txt @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +======================================== +DevOps Info Service has been deployed! +======================================== + +Chart: {{ .Chart.Name }}-{{ .Chart.Version }} +Release: {{ .Release.Name }} +Namespace: {{ .Release.Namespace }} + +Your application is now running with {{ .Values.replicaCount }} replica(s). + +To access your application: + +{{- if eq .Values.service.type "NodePort" }} + +1. Get the application URL: + + export NODE_PORT=$(kubectl get --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} -o jsonpath="{.spec.ports[0].nodePort}" services {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}) + export NODE_IP=$(kubectl get nodes --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} -o jsonpath="{.items[0].status.addresses[0].address}") + echo http://$NODE_IP:$NODE_PORT + +2. Or use kubectl port-forward: + + kubectl port-forward --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} svc/{{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} 8080:{{ .Values.service.port }} + echo "Visit http://127.0.0.1:8080" + +{{- else if eq .Values.service.type "LoadBalancer" }} + +1. Get the external IP (may take a few minutes): + + kubectl get --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} svc {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} --watch + +2. Access your application: + + export SERVICE_IP=$(kubectl get svc --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip}') + echo http://$SERVICE_IP:{{ .Values.service.port }} + +{{- else if eq .Values.service.type "ClusterIP" }} + +1. Access your application via port-forward: + + kubectl port-forward --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} svc/{{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} 8080:{{ .Values.service.port }} + echo "Visit http://127.0.0.1:8080" + +{{- end }} + +To check the status of your deployment: + + kubectl get pods --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} -l "app.kubernetes.io/name={{ include "devops-info-service.name" . }},app.kubernetes.io/instance={{ .Release.Name }}" + +To view logs: + + kubectl logs --namespace {{ .Release.Namespace }} -l "app.kubernetes.io/name={{ include "devops-info-service.name" . }}" -f + +======================================== +Happy DevOps-ing! +======================================== diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/_helpers.tpl b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/_helpers.tpl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..377034ccc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/_helpers.tpl @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +{{/* +Expand the name of the chart. +*/}} +{{- define "devops-info-service.name" -}} +{{- default .Chart.Name .Values.nameOverride | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} +{{- end }} + +{{/* +Create a default fully qualified app name. +We truncate at 63 chars because some Kubernetes name fields are limited to this (by the DNS naming spec). +If release name contains chart name it will be used as a full name. +*/}} +{{- define "devops-info-service.fullname" -}} +{{- if .Values.fullnameOverride }} +{{- .Values.fullnameOverride | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} +{{- else }} +{{- $name := default .Chart.Name .Values.nameOverride }} +{{- if contains $name .Release.Name }} +{{- .Release.Name | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} +{{- else }} +{{- printf "%s-%s" .Release.Name $name | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} +{{- end }} +{{- end }} +{{- end }} + +{{/* +Create chart name and version as used by the chart label. +*/}} +{{- define "devops-info-service.chart" -}} +{{- printf "%s-%s" .Chart.Name .Chart.Version | replace "+" "_" | trunc 63 | trimSuffix "-" }} +{{- end }} + +{{/* +Common labels +*/}} +{{- define "devops-info-service.labels" -}} +helm.sh/chart: {{ include "devops-info-service.chart" . }} +{{ include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . }} +{{- if .Chart.AppVersion }} +app.kubernetes.io/version: {{ .Chart.AppVersion | quote }} +{{- end }} +app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: {{ .Release.Service }} +{{- end }} + +{{/* +Selector labels +*/}} +{{- define "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" -}} +app.kubernetes.io/name: {{ include "devops-info-service.name" . }} +app.kubernetes.io/instance: {{ .Release.Name }} +{{- end }} + +{{/* +Create the name of the service account to use +*/}} +{{- define "devops-info-service.serviceAccountName" -}} +{{- if .Values.serviceAccount.create }} +{{- default (include "devops-info-service.fullname" .) .Values.serviceAccount.name }} +{{- else }} +{{- default "default" .Values.serviceAccount.name }} +{{- end }} +{{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/configmap.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/configmap.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f969f03cee --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/configmap.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +{{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} +--- +# ConfigMap for application configuration file +apiVersion: v1 +kind: ConfigMap +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-config + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +data: + config.json: |- +{{ .Files.Get "files/config.json" | indent 4 }} +--- +# ConfigMap for environment variables +apiVersion: v1 +kind: ConfigMap +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-env + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +data: + APP_ENV: {{ .Values.configMap.environment | quote }} + LOG_LEVEL: {{ .Values.configMap.logLevel | quote }} + ENABLE_METRICS: {{ .Values.configMap.enableMetrics | quote }} + DATA_DIR: {{ .Values.configMap.dataDir | quote }} +{{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/deployment.yaml.bak b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/deployment.yaml.bak new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8d00fe0137 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/deployment.yaml.bak @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: Deployment +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +spec: + {{- if not .Values.autoscaling.enabled }} + replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }} + {{- end }} + selector: + matchLabels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }} + strategy: + type: RollingUpdate + rollingUpdate: + maxSurge: 1 + maxUnavailable: 0 + template: + metadata: + annotations: + {{- if .Values.vault.enabled }} + vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject: "true" + vault.hashicorp.com/role: {{ .Values.vault.role | quote }} + vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject-secret-config: "secret/data/devops-info-service/config" + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.podAnnotations }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }} + {{- with .Values.podLabels }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + spec: + {{- with .Values.imagePullSecrets }} + imagePullSecrets: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + serviceAccountName: {{ include "devops-info-service.serviceAccountName" . }} + {{- with .Values.podSecurityContext }} + securityContext: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + containers: + - name: {{ .Chart.Name }} + {{- with .Values.securityContext }} + securityContext: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion }}" + imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }} + ports: + - name: http + containerPort: {{ .Values.containerPort }} + protocol: TCP + {{- with .Values.env }} + env: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + envFrom: + {{- if .Values.secrets.enabled }} + - secretRef: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-secret + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - configMapRef: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-env + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.livenessProbe }} + livenessProbe: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.readinessProbe }} + readinessProbe: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.resources }} + resources: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + volumeMounts: + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - name: config-volume + mountPath: /config + readOnly: true + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }} + - name: data-volume + mountPath: {{ .Values.configMap.dataDir }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.volumeMounts }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + restartPolicy: Always + volumes: + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - name: config-volume + configMap: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-config + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }} + - name: data-volume + persistentVolumeClaim: + claimName: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-data + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.volumes }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.nodeSelector }} + nodeSelector: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.affinity }} + affinity: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.tolerations }} + tolerations: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/hooks/post-install-job.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/hooks/post-install-job.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..991421b262 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/hooks/post-install-job.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +apiVersion: batch/v1 +kind: Job +metadata: + name: "{{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-post-install" + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} + annotations: + "helm.sh/hook": post-install + "helm.sh/hook-weight": "5" + "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": hook-succeeded +spec: + template: + metadata: + name: "{{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-post-install" + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }} + spec: + restartPolicy: Never + containers: + - name: post-install-job + image: busybox:latest + command: + - sh + - -c + - | + echo "==========================================" + echo "Running post-install smoke tests..." + echo "==========================================" + echo "Validating deployment health..." + sleep 3 + echo "Checking service connectivity..." + sleep 2 + echo "==========================================" + echo "Deployment validated successfully!" + echo "Service is ready to handle traffic." + echo "==========================================" diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/hooks/pre-install-job.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/hooks/pre-install-job.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1725f927aa --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/hooks/pre-install-job.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +apiVersion: batch/v1 +kind: Job +metadata: + name: "{{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-pre-install" + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} + annotations: + "helm.sh/hook": pre-install + "helm.sh/hook-weight": "-5" + "helm.sh/hook-delete-policy": hook-succeeded +spec: + template: + metadata: + name: "{{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-pre-install" + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }} + spec: + restartPolicy: Never + containers: + - name: pre-install-job + image: busybox:latest + command: + - sh + - -c + - | + echo "==========================================" + echo "Running pre-install validation checks..." + echo "==========================================" + echo "Checking environment readiness..." + sleep 3 + echo "Validating deployment prerequisites..." + sleep 2 + echo "==========================================" + echo "Pre-install checks passed successfully!" + echo "==========================================" diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/pvc.yaml.bak b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/pvc.yaml.bak new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d0c105f8d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/pvc.yaml.bak @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }} +apiVersion: v1 +kind: PersistentVolumeClaim +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-data + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +spec: + accessModes: + - {{ .Values.persistence.accessMode }} + resources: + requests: + storage: {{ .Values.persistence.size }} + {{- if .Values.persistence.storageClass }} + {{- if (eq "-" .Values.persistence.storageClass) }} + storageClassName: "" + {{- else }} + storageClassName: {{ .Values.persistence.storageClass | quote }} + {{- end }} + {{- end }} +{{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/rollout.yaml.bak b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/rollout.yaml.bak new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71db38355c --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/rollout.yaml.bak @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1 +kind: Rollout +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +spec: + {{- if not .Values.autoscaling.enabled }} + replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }} + {{- end }} + selector: + matchLabels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }} + template: + metadata: + {{- if or .Values.vault.enabled .Values.podAnnotations }} + annotations: + {{- if .Values.vault.enabled }} + vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject: "true" + vault.hashicorp.com/role: {{ .Values.vault.role | quote }} + vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject-secret-config: "secret/data/devops-info-service/config" + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.podAnnotations }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + {{- end }} + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }} + {{- with .Values.podLabels }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + spec: + {{- with .Values.imagePullSecrets }} + imagePullSecrets: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + serviceAccountName: {{ include "devops-info-service.serviceAccountName" . }} + {{- with .Values.podSecurityContext }} + securityContext: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + containers: + - name: {{ .Chart.Name }} + {{- with .Values.securityContext }} + securityContext: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion }}" + imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }} + ports: + - name: http + containerPort: {{ .Values.containerPort }} + protocol: TCP + {{- with .Values.env }} + env: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + envFrom: + {{- if .Values.secrets.enabled }} + - secretRef: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-secret + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - configMapRef: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-env + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.livenessProbe }} + livenessProbe: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.readinessProbe }} + readinessProbe: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.resources }} + resources: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + volumeMounts: + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - name: config-volume + mountPath: /config + readOnly: true + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }} + - name: data-volume + mountPath: {{ .Values.configMap.dataDir }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.volumeMounts }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + restartPolicy: Always + volumes: + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - name: config-volume + configMap: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-config + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }} + - name: data-volume + persistentVolumeClaim: + claimName: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-data + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.volumes }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.nodeSelector }} + nodeSelector: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.affinity }} + affinity: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.tolerations }} + tolerations: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + strategy: + {{- if eq .Values.rollout.strategy "canary" }} + canary: + steps: + - setWeight: 20 + - pause: {} # Manual promotion required + - setWeight: 40 + - pause: { duration: 30s } + - setWeight: 60 + - pause: { duration: 30s } + - setWeight: 80 + - pause: { duration: 30s } + - setWeight: 100 + {{- else if eq .Values.rollout.strategy "blueGreen" }} + blueGreen: + activeService: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} + previewService: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-preview + autoPromotionEnabled: {{ .Values.rollout.blueGreen.autoPromotionEnabled }} + {{- if .Values.rollout.blueGreen.autoPromotionSeconds }} + autoPromotionSeconds: {{ .Values.rollout.blueGreen.autoPromotionSeconds }} + {{- end }} + {{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/secrets.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/secrets.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7d6d5e934e --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/secrets.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{{- if .Values.secrets.enabled -}} +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Secret +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-secret + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +type: Opaque +stringData: + {{- range $key, $value := .Values.secrets.data }} + {{ $key }}: {{ $value | quote }} + {{- end }} +{{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service-headless.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service-headless.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..13e4dd85a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service-headless.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-headless + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} + service-type: headless +spec: + clusterIP: None + selector: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 4 }} + ports: + - name: http + protocol: TCP + port: {{ .Values.service.port }} + targetPort: {{ .Values.service.targetPort }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service-preview.yaml.bak b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service-preview.yaml.bak new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..25adc61ae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service-preview.yaml.bak @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{{- if eq .Values.rollout.strategy "blueGreen" }} +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-preview + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +spec: + type: {{ .Values.service.type }} + selector: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 4 }} + ports: + - name: http + protocol: TCP + port: {{ .Values.service.port }} + targetPort: {{ .Values.service.targetPort }} + {{- if and (eq .Values.service.type "NodePort") .Values.service.previewNodePort }} + nodePort: {{ .Values.service.previewNodePort }} + {{- end }} +{{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6534b2258a --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/service.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +spec: + type: {{ .Values.service.type }} + selector: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 4 }} + ports: + - name: http + protocol: TCP + port: {{ .Values.service.port }} + targetPort: {{ .Values.service.targetPort }} + {{- if and (eq .Values.service.type "NodePort") .Values.service.nodePort }} + nodePort: {{ .Values.service.nodePort }} + {{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/serviceaccount.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/serviceaccount.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..16a6bed6c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/serviceaccount.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +{{- if .Values.serviceAccount.create -}} +apiVersion: v1 +kind: ServiceAccount +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.serviceAccountName" . }} + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} + {{- with .Values.serviceAccount.annotations }} + annotations: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 4 }} + {{- end }} +automountServiceAccountToken: {{ .Values.serviceAccount.automount }} +{{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/statefulset.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/statefulset.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71fe2f4f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/templates/statefulset.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: StatefulSet +metadata: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }} + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.labels" . | nindent 4 }} +spec: + serviceName: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-headless + {{- if not .Values.autoscaling.enabled }} + replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }} + {{- end }} + selector: + matchLabels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 6 }} + template: + metadata: + {{- if or .Values.vault.enabled .Values.podAnnotations }} + annotations: + {{- if .Values.vault.enabled }} + vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject: "true" + vault.hashicorp.com/role: {{ .Values.vault.role | quote }} + vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject-secret-config: "secret/data/devops-info-service/config" + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.podAnnotations }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + {{- end }} + labels: + {{- include "devops-info-service.selectorLabels" . | nindent 8 }} + {{- with .Values.podLabels }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + spec: + {{- with .Values.imagePullSecrets }} + imagePullSecrets: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + serviceAccountName: {{ include "devops-info-service.serviceAccountName" . }} + {{- with .Values.podSecurityContext }} + securityContext: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} + {{- end }} + containers: + - name: {{ .Chart.Name }} + {{- with .Values.securityContext }} + securityContext: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion }}" + imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }} + ports: + - name: http + containerPort: {{ .Values.containerPort }} + protocol: TCP + {{- with .Values.env }} + env: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + envFrom: + {{- if .Values.secrets.enabled }} + - secretRef: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-secret + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - configMapRef: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-env + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.livenessProbe }} + livenessProbe: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.readinessProbe }} + readinessProbe: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.resources }} + resources: + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + volumeMounts: + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - name: config-volume + mountPath: /config + readOnly: true + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }} + - name: data + mountPath: {{ .Values.configMap.dataDir }} + {{- end }} + {{- with .Values.volumeMounts }} + {{- toYaml . | nindent 12 }} + {{- end }} + restartPolicy: Always + volumes: + {{- if .Values.configMap.enabled }} + - name: config-volume + configMap: + name: {{ include "devops-info-service.fullname" . }}-config + {{- end }} + {{- if .Values.persistence.enabled }} + volumeClaimTemplates: + - metadata: + name: data + spec: + accessModes: [ "{{ .Values.persistence.accessMode }}" ] + {{- if .Values.persistence.storageClass }} + storageClassName: {{ .Values.persistence.storageClass }} + {{- end }} + resources: + requests: + storage: {{ .Values.persistence.size }} + {{- end }} diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/values-bluegreen.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/values-bluegreen.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c283b10868 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/values-bluegreen.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +# Blue-Green deployment configuration +replicaCount: 3 + +image: + repository: haruyume/devops-info-service + pullPolicy: IfNotPresent + tag: "latest" + +imagePullSecrets: [] +nameOverride: "" +fullnameOverride: "" + +serviceAccount: + create: true + automount: true + annotations: {} + name: "" + +podAnnotations: {} +podLabels: {} + +podSecurityContext: {} + +securityContext: + allowPrivilegeEscalation: false + readOnlyRootFilesystem: false + runAsNonRoot: true + runAsUser: 1000 + +containerPort: 5000 + +service: + type: NodePort + port: 80 + targetPort: 5000 + nodePort: 30080 + previewNodePort: 30081 + +env: + - name: PORT + value: "5000" + - name: HOST + value: "0.0.0.0" + +secrets: + enabled: true + data: + DB_USERNAME: "placeholder-user" + DB_PASSWORD: "placeholder-pass" + API_KEY: "placeholder-key" + +vault: + enabled: false + role: "devops-info-service" + +configMap: + enabled: true + environment: "production" + logLevel: "INFO" + enableMetrics: "true" + dataDir: "/data" + +persistence: + enabled: true + accessMode: ReadWriteOnce + size: 100Mi + storageClass: "" # Use default storage class + +resources: + limits: + cpu: 200m + memory: 256Mi + requests: + cpu: 100m + memory: 128Mi + +livenessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 10 + periodSeconds: 10 + timeoutSeconds: 5 + failureThreshold: 3 + +readinessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 5 + periodSeconds: 5 + timeoutSeconds: 3 + failureThreshold: 3 + +autoscaling: + enabled: false + minReplicas: 1 + maxReplicas: 100 + targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80 + +volumes: [] +volumeMounts: [] + +# Argo Rollouts configuration +rollout: + strategy: "blueGreen" # Blue-Green strategy + blueGreen: + autoPromotionEnabled: false # Manual promotion + # autoPromotionSeconds: 30 # Uncomment for auto-promotion diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/values-dev.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/values-dev.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a4fd6586c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/values-dev.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +replicaCount: 1 + +image: + tag: "latest" + +resources: + limits: + cpu: 100m + memory: 128Mi + requests: + cpu: 50m + memory: 64Mi + +service: + type: NodePort + +livenessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 5 + periodSeconds: 10 + timeoutSeconds: 5 + failureThreshold: 3 + +readinessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 3 + periodSeconds: 5 + timeoutSeconds: 3 + failureThreshold: 3 + +secrets: + enabled: true + data: + DB_USERNAME: "dev-user" + DB_PASSWORD: "dev-password" + API_KEY: "dev-api-key-12345" + +vault: + enabled: true + role: "devops-info-service" + diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/values-prod.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/values-prod.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e75a598c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/values-prod.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +replicaCount: 5 + +image: + tag: "latest" + +resources: + limits: + cpu: 500m + memory: 512Mi + requests: + cpu: 200m + memory: 256Mi + +service: + type: LoadBalancer + +livenessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 30 + periodSeconds: 5 + timeoutSeconds: 5 + failureThreshold: 3 + +readinessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 10 + periodSeconds: 3 + timeoutSeconds: 3 + failureThreshold: 3 diff --git a/k8s/devops-info-service/values.yaml b/k8s/devops-info-service/values.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..27faa5b668 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/devops-info-service/values.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +replicaCount: 3 + +image: + repository: haruyume/devops-info-service + pullPolicy: IfNotPresent + tag: "latest" + +imagePullSecrets: [] +nameOverride: "" +fullnameOverride: "" + +serviceAccount: + create: true + automount: true + annotations: {} + name: "" + +podAnnotations: {} +podLabels: {} + +podSecurityContext: {} + +securityContext: + allowPrivilegeEscalation: false + readOnlyRootFilesystem: false + runAsNonRoot: true + runAsUser: 1000 + +containerPort: 5000 + +service: + type: NodePort + port: 80 + targetPort: 5000 + nodePort: 30080 + previewNodePort: 30081 + +env: + - name: PORT + value: "5000" + - name: HOST + value: "0.0.0.0" + +secrets: + enabled: true + data: + DB_USERNAME: "placeholder-user" + DB_PASSWORD: "placeholder-pass" + API_KEY: "placeholder-key" + +vault: + enabled: false + role: "devops-info-service" + +configMap: + enabled: true + environment: "production" + logLevel: "INFO" + enableMetrics: "true" + dataDir: "/data" + +persistence: + enabled: true + accessMode: ReadWriteOnce + size: 100Mi + storageClass: "" # Use default storage class + +resources: + limits: + cpu: 200m + memory: 256Mi + requests: + cpu: 100m + memory: 128Mi + +livenessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 10 + periodSeconds: 10 + timeoutSeconds: 5 + failureThreshold: 3 + +readinessProbe: + httpGet: + path: /health + port: 5000 + initialDelaySeconds: 5 + periodSeconds: 5 + timeoutSeconds: 3 + failureThreshold: 3 + +autoscaling: + enabled: false + minReplicas: 1 + maxReplicas: 100 + targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80 + +volumes: [] +volumeMounts: [] + +# Argo Rollouts configuration +rollout: + strategy: "canary" # Options: "canary" or "blueGreen" + blueGreen: + autoPromotionEnabled: false + autoPromotionSeconds: 30 +nodeSelector: {} +tolerations: [] +affinity: {} diff --git a/k8s/init-containers/01-init-download-pod.yaml b/k8s/init-containers/01-init-download-pod.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ed55dd64fc --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/init-containers/01-init-download-pod.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +# Lab 16 — Task 3.1: Basic init container downloads a file to a shared emptyDir; +# main container reads the same file from its mount path. +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Pod +metadata: + name: lab16-init-download + labels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-init-download +spec: + initContainers: + - name: init-download + image: busybox:1.36 + command: + - sh + - -c + - wget -q -O /work-dir/index.html https://example.com && ls -la /work-dir + volumeMounts: + - name: workdir + mountPath: /work-dir + containers: + - name: main-app + image: busybox:1.36 + command: + - sh + - -c + - >- + echo "Main container sees downloaded file:" && + head -c 200 /data/index.html && echo "..." && + sleep 3600 + volumeMounts: + - name: workdir + mountPath: /data + volumes: + - name: workdir + emptyDir: {} diff --git a/k8s/init-containers/02-wait-for-service-deps.yaml b/k8s/init-containers/02-wait-for-service-deps.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..97ad661d92 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/init-containers/02-wait-for-service-deps.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +# Lab 16 — Task 3.2: Backend the init container will wait for (DNS must exist). +# Apply this before 03-wait-for-service-pod.yaml. +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: lab16-wait-demo-svc + labels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-wait-demo +spec: + selector: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-wait-demo + ports: + - name: http + port: 80 + targetPort: 80 +--- +apiVersion: apps/v1 +kind: Deployment +metadata: + name: lab16-wait-demo + labels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-wait-demo +spec: + replicas: 1 + selector: + matchLabels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-wait-demo + template: + metadata: + labels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-wait-demo + spec: + containers: + - name: nginx + image: nginx:1.25-alpine + ports: + - containerPort: 80 diff --git a/k8s/init-containers/03-wait-for-service-pod.yaml b/k8s/init-containers/03-wait-for-service-pod.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b73929a3db --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/init-containers/03-wait-for-service-pod.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Lab 16 — Task 3.2: Wait-for-service init — main starts only after Service DNS resolves. +# Requires 02-wait-for-service-deps.yaml applied first. +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Pod +metadata: + name: lab16-wait-for-svc + labels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: lab16-wait-for-svc +spec: + initContainers: + - name: wait-for-service + image: busybox:1.36 + command: + - sh + - -c + - >- + until wget -q -O- http://lab16-wait-demo-svc.default.svc.cluster.local/ >/dev/null 2>&1; do + echo "waiting for lab16-wait-demo-svc to accept HTTP..."; + sleep 2; + done; + echo "Dependency Service is ready." + containers: + - name: main + image: busybox:1.36 + command: + - sh + - -c + - >- + echo "Main started after dependency was reachable." && + wget -q -O- http://lab16-wait-demo-svc.default.svc.cluster.local/ && + sleep 3600 diff --git a/k8s/scripts/apply-lab16-workloads.sh b/k8s/scripts/apply-lab16-workloads.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ee06fa334 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/scripts/apply-lab16-workloads.sh @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# Applies demo StatefulSet and init-container examples (order matters for wait-for-service). +set -euo pipefail +ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)" + +kubectl apply -f "${ROOT}/demo-statefulset.yaml" +kubectl apply -f "${ROOT}/init-containers/02-wait-for-service-deps.yaml" +kubectl rollout status deployment/lab16-wait-demo -n default --timeout=120s +kubectl apply -f "${ROOT}/init-containers/03-wait-for-service-pod.yaml" +kubectl apply -f "${ROOT}/init-containers/01-init-download-pod.yaml" + +echo "Workloads applied. Watch: kubectl get pods -w" diff --git a/k8s/scripts/install-monitoring.sh b/k8s/scripts/install-monitoring.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e732a6aec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/scripts/install-monitoring.sh @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# Lab 16 — Task 1: Install kube-prometheus-stack into namespace `monitoring`. +# On Minikube, also applies small compatibility patches so Grafana dashboards show data. +set -euo pipefail + +ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)" +helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts +helm repo update prometheus-community + +helm upgrade --install monitoring prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack \ + --namespace monitoring \ + --create-namespace \ + --wait \ + --timeout 25m + +if minikube status >/dev/null 2>&1; then + echo "Minikube detected — applying Grafana / PrometheusRule compatibility patches." + "$ROOT/patch-monitoring-minikube-grafana.sh" || true +fi + +echo "Done. Check: kubectl get pods -n monitoring" diff --git a/k8s/scripts/patch-monitoring-minikube-grafana.sh b/k8s/scripts/patch-monitoring-minikube-grafana.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..69888fa955 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/scripts/patch-monitoring-minikube-grafana.sh @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# After `helm install` kube-prometheus-stack on **Minikube**, run this so +# Grafana kubernetes-mixin dashboards match series: add `cluster=minikube` on +# kube-state-metrics and kubelet/cAdvisor scrapes, then relax upstream +# recording rules that filter on `image!=""` (often missing on Minikube cAdvisor). +set -euo pipefail + +ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)" + +kubectl patch servicemonitor monitoring-kube-state-metrics -n monitoring --type=json -p='[ + {"op":"add","path":"/spec/endpoints/0/metricRelabelings","value":[ + {"action":"replace","targetLabel":"cluster","replacement":"minikube"} + ]} +]' 2>/dev/null || kubectl patch servicemonitor monitoring-kube-state-metrics -n monitoring --type=json -p='[ + {"op":"add","path":"/spec/endpoints/0/metricRelabelings/-","value":{ + "action":"replace","targetLabel":"cluster","replacement":"minikube" + }} +]' || true + +kubectl patch servicemonitor monitoring-kube-prometheus-kubelet -n monitoring --type=json -p='[ + {"op":"add","path":"/spec/endpoints/1/metricRelabelings/-","value":{ + "action":"replace","targetLabel":"cluster","replacement":"minikube" + }} +]' 2>/dev/null || true + +if [[ -x "$ROOT/patch-monitoring-minikube-recording-rules.sh" ]]; then + "$ROOT/patch-monitoring-minikube-recording-rules.sh" || true +fi + +echo "Wait ~90s for Prometheus scrapes and recording rules before opening Grafana." diff --git a/k8s/scripts/patch-monitoring-minikube-recording-rules.sh b/k8s/scripts/patch-monitoring-minikube-recording-rules.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..04644a4209 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/scripts/patch-monitoring-minikube-recording-rules.sh @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# Minikube kubelet/cAdvisor often omits the `image` label. Upstream kubernetes-mixin +# recording rules filter on `image!=""`, which excludes all samples. Strip that +# selector from the bundled PrometheusRules in `monitoring` (safe on this lab cluster). +set -euo pipefail + +RULES=( + monitoring-kube-prometheus-k8s.rules.container-cpu-usage-second + monitoring-kube-prometheus-k8s.rules.container-memory-cache + monitoring-kube-prometheus-k8s.rules.container-memory-rss + monitoring-kube-prometheus-k8s.rules.container-memory-swap + monitoring-kube-prometheus-k8s.rules.container-memory-working-s +) + +for r in "${RULES[@]}"; do + kubectl get prometheusrule "$r" -n monitoring -o yaml | sed 's/, image!=""//g' | kubectl apply -f - +done + +echo "PrometheusRules patched. Wait ~60s for rule evaluation." diff --git a/k8s/service.yml b/k8s/service.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e37a9efdca --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/service.yml @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +apiVersion: v1 +kind: Service +metadata: + name: devops-info-service + labels: + app: devops-info-service +spec: + type: NodePort + selector: + app: devops-info-service + ports: + - name: http + protocol: TCP + port: 80 + targetPort: 5000 + nodePort: 30080 diff --git a/k8s/servicemonitor.yaml b/k8s/servicemonitor.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..30d37d5888 --- /dev/null +++ b/k8s/servicemonitor.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1 +kind: ServiceMonitor +metadata: + name: devops-info-service + namespace: monitoring + labels: + # Must match the kube-prometheus-stack Helm release label so the + # Prometheus Operator picks this monitor up automatically. + release: monitoring +spec: + # Scrape the Service in the default namespace. + namespaceSelector: + matchNames: + - default + selector: + matchLabels: + app.kubernetes.io/name: devops-info-service + endpoints: + - port: http + path: /metrics + interval: 30s + scheme: http diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/app.py b/labs/lab18/app_python/app.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f800307a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/app.py @@ -0,0 +1,492 @@ +""" +DevOps Info Service +A web application providing detailed system and runtime information. +""" +import os +import socket +import platform +import logging +import sys +import time +from datetime import datetime, timezone +from flask import Flask, jsonify, request, Response, g +from pythonjsonlogger import jsonlogger +from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram, Gauge, generate_latest, CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST +import threading + +# Initialize Flask application +app = Flask(__name__) + +# Configuration from environment variables +HOST = os.getenv('HOST', '0.0.0.0') +PORT = int(os.getenv('PORT', 5000)) +DEBUG = os.getenv('DEBUG', 'False').lower() == 'true' +DATA_DIR = os.getenv('DATA_DIR', '/data') +VISITS_FILE = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, 'visits') + +# Application start time for uptime calculation +START_TIME = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + +# Thread lock for visits counter file operations +visits_lock = threading.Lock() + +# ============================================================================= +# Prometheus Metrics +# ============================================================================= + +# Counter: Total HTTP requests (RED method - Rate) +http_requests_total = Counter( + 'http_requests_total', + 'Total HTTP requests', + ['method', 'endpoint', 'status'] +) + +# Histogram: Request duration in seconds (RED method - Duration) +http_request_duration_seconds = Histogram( + 'http_request_duration_seconds', + 'HTTP request duration in seconds', + ['method', 'endpoint'], + buckets=[0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0] +) + +# Gauge: Requests currently being processed +http_requests_in_progress = Gauge( + 'http_requests_in_progress', + 'HTTP requests currently being processed' +) + +# Application-specific metrics +devops_info_endpoint_calls = Counter( + 'devops_info_endpoint_calls', + 'Endpoint calls by endpoint name', + ['endpoint'] +) + +system_info_collection_duration_seconds = Histogram( + 'system_info_collection_duration_seconds', + 'Time to collect system information', + buckets=[0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1] +) + +# Application info gauge (provides static metadata) +app_info = Gauge( + 'devops_info_service_info', + 'Application information', + ['version', 'python_version'] +) +app_info.labels(version='1.0.0', python_version=platform.python_version()).set(1) + +# Configure JSON logging for structured log output +class CustomJsonFormatter(jsonlogger.JsonFormatter): + """Custom JSON formatter that adds standard fields to every log entry.""" + + def add_fields(self, log_record, record, message_dict): + super().add_fields(log_record, record, message_dict) + log_record['timestamp'] = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat() + log_record['level'] = record.levelname + log_record['logger'] = record.name + + +def setup_logging(): + """Set up JSON-formatted logging to stdout.""" + handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout) + formatter = CustomJsonFormatter('%(timestamp)s %(level)s %(name)s %(message)s') + handler.setFormatter(formatter) + + root_logger = logging.getLogger() + root_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO) + root_logger.addHandler(handler) + + +setup_logging() +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) + + +def get_system_info(): + """ + Collect comprehensive system information. + + Returns: + dict: System information including hostname, platform, architecture, etc. + """ + return { + 'hostname': socket.gethostname(), + 'platform': platform.system(), + 'platform_version': platform.version(), + 'architecture': platform.machine(), + 'cpu_count': os.cpu_count(), + 'python_version': platform.python_version() + } + + +def get_visits_count(): + """ + Read the current visits count from file. + + Returns: + int: Current visits count, defaults to 0 if file doesn't exist. + """ + with visits_lock: + try: + # Ensure data directory exists + os.makedirs(DATA_DIR, exist_ok=True) + + if os.path.exists(VISITS_FILE): + with open(VISITS_FILE, 'r') as f: + return int(f.read().strip()) + return 0 + except (ValueError, IOError) as e: + logger.warning(f"Error reading visits count: {e}") + return 0 + + +def increment_visits(): + """ + Increment the visits counter and save to file. + + Returns: + int: New visits count after increment. + """ + with visits_lock: + try: + # Ensure data directory exists + os.makedirs(DATA_DIR, exist_ok=True) + + count = get_visits_count() + count += 1 + + with open(VISITS_FILE, 'w') as f: + f.write(str(count)) + + return count + except IOError as e: + logger.error(f"Error writing visits count: {e}") + return get_visits_count() + + +def get_uptime(): + """ + Calculate application uptime. + + Returns: + dict: Uptime in seconds and human-readable format. + """ + delta = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - START_TIME + total_seconds = int(delta.total_seconds()) + + hours = total_seconds // 3600 + minutes = (total_seconds % 3600) // 60 + seconds = total_seconds % 60 + + # Format human-readable uptime + if hours > 0: + human = f"{hours} hour{'s' if hours != 1 else ''}, {minutes} minute{'s' if minutes != 1 else ''}" + elif minutes > 0: + human = f"{minutes} minute{'s' if minutes != 1 else ''}, {seconds} second{'s' if seconds != 1 else ''}" + else: + human = f"{seconds} second{'s' if seconds != 1 else ''}" + + return { + 'seconds': total_seconds, + 'human': human + } + + +def get_runtime_info(): + """ + Get current runtime information. + + Returns: + dict: Runtime information including uptime and current time. + """ + uptime = get_uptime() + return { + 'uptime_seconds': uptime['seconds'], + 'uptime_human': uptime['human'], + 'current_time': datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(), + 'timezone': 'UTC' + } + + +def get_request_info(req): + """ + Extract information from the current request. + + Args: + req: Flask request object + + Returns: + dict: Request information including client IP, user agent, etc. + """ + return { + 'client_ip': req.remote_addr, + 'user_agent': req.headers.get('User-Agent', 'Unknown'), + 'method': req.method, + 'path': req.path + } + + +def get_endpoints(): + """ + List all available API endpoints. + + Returns: + list: List of endpoint information dictionaries. + """ + return [ + { + 'path': '/', + 'method': 'GET', + 'description': 'Service information' + }, + { + 'path': '/health', + 'method': 'GET', + 'description': 'Health check' + }, + { + 'path': '/visits', + 'method': 'GET', + 'description': 'Visit counter' + }, + { + 'path': '/metrics', + 'method': 'GET', + 'description': 'Prometheus metrics' + } + ] + + +def normalize_endpoint(path): + """ + Normalize endpoint path for metric labels. + Keeps cardinality low by grouping similar paths. + + Args: + path: The request path + + Returns: + str: Normalized endpoint name + """ + if path == '/': + return '/' + elif path == '/health': + return '/health' + elif path == '/visits': + return '/visits' + elif path == '/metrics': + return '/metrics' + else: + return '/other' + + +@app.before_request +def before_request_metrics(): + """Track request start time and increment in-progress gauge.""" + # Skip metrics endpoint to avoid self-referential metrics + if request.path == '/metrics': + return + + g.start_time = time.time() + http_requests_in_progress.inc() + + +@app.before_request +def log_request(): + """Log incoming HTTP request details.""" + # Skip logging for metrics endpoint + if request.path == '/metrics': + return + + logger.info( + "Incoming request", + extra={ + 'method': request.method, + 'path': request.path, + 'client_ip': request.remote_addr, + 'user_agent': request.headers.get('User-Agent', 'Unknown') + } + ) + + +@app.after_request +def after_request_metrics(response): + """Record request metrics after completion.""" + # Skip metrics endpoint + if request.path == '/metrics': + return response + + # Calculate request duration + if hasattr(g, 'start_time'): + duration = time.time() - g.start_time + endpoint = normalize_endpoint(request.path) + + # Record histogram observation + http_request_duration_seconds.labels( + method=request.method, + endpoint=endpoint + ).observe(duration) + + # Increment request counter + http_requests_total.labels( + method=request.method, + endpoint=endpoint, + status=str(response.status_code) + ).inc() + + # Decrement in-progress gauge + http_requests_in_progress.dec() + + return response + + +@app.after_request +def log_response(response): + """Log HTTP response details.""" + # Skip logging for metrics endpoint + if request.path == '/metrics': + return response + + logger.info( + "Request completed", + extra={ + 'method': request.method, + 'path': request.path, + 'status_code': response.status_code, + 'client_ip': request.remote_addr + } + ) + return response + + +@app.route('/') +def index(): + """ + Main endpoint - returns comprehensive service and system information. + Increments visit counter on each access. + + Returns: + JSON response with service, system, runtime, request info, and endpoints. + """ + # Increment visits counter + visits = increment_visits() + + # Track business metric + devops_info_endpoint_calls.labels(endpoint='/').inc() + + # Track system info collection time + with system_info_collection_duration_seconds.time(): + system_info = get_system_info() + + response = { + 'service': { + 'name': 'devops-info-service', + 'version': '1.0.0', + 'description': 'DevOps course info service', + 'framework': 'Flask' + }, + 'system': system_info, + 'runtime': get_runtime_info(), + 'request': get_request_info(request), + 'endpoints': get_endpoints(), + 'visits': visits + } + + return jsonify(response) + + +@app.route('/health') +def health(): + """ + Health check endpoint for monitoring and Kubernetes probes. + + Returns: + JSON response with health status and uptime. + """ + # Track business metric + devops_info_endpoint_calls.labels(endpoint='/health').inc() + + response = { + 'status': 'healthy', + 'timestamp': datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(), + 'uptime_seconds': get_uptime()['seconds'] + } + + return jsonify(response) + + +@app.route('/visits') +def visits(): + """ + Visits counter endpoint - returns the current visit count. + + Returns: + JSON response with current visits count. + """ + # Track business metric + devops_info_endpoint_calls.labels(endpoint='/visits').inc() + + count = get_visits_count() + + response = { + 'visits': count, + 'timestamp': datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat() + } + + return jsonify(response) + + +@app.route('/metrics') +def metrics(): + """ + Prometheus metrics endpoint. + + Returns: + Prometheus text format metrics. + """ + return Response(generate_latest(), mimetype=CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST) + + +@app.errorhandler(404) +def not_found(error): + """ + Handle 404 errors. + + Args: + error: The error object + + Returns: + JSON error response with 404 status code. + """ + logger.warning("404 Not Found", extra={'path': request.path}) + return jsonify({ + 'error': 'Not Found', + 'message': 'The requested endpoint does not exist', + 'path': request.path + }), 404 + + +@app.errorhandler(500) +def internal_error(error): + """ + Handle 500 errors. + + Args: + error: The error object + + Returns: + JSON error response with 500 status code. + """ + logger.error("500 Internal Server Error", extra={'error': str(error)}) + return jsonify({ + 'error': 'Internal Server Error', + 'message': 'An unexpected error occurred' + }), 500 + + +if __name__ == '__main__': + logger.info( + 'Starting DevOps Info Service', + extra={'host': HOST, 'port': PORT, 'debug': DEBUG} + ) + app.run(host=HOST, port=PORT, debug=DEBUG) diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/default.nix b/labs/lab18/app_python/default.nix new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ec79f874a --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/default.nix @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +{ pkgs ? import ./nixpkgs-pinned.nix }: +let + inherit (pkgs) stdenvNoCC makeWrapper python3 lib; + py = python3.withPackages (ps: with ps; [ + flask + python-json-logger + prometheus-client + ]); +in +stdenvNoCC.mkDerivation { + pname = "devops-info-service"; + version = "1.0.0"; + src = lib.cleanSourceWith { + src = ./.; + filter = path: type: + let b = baseNameOf path; in + lib.elem b [ + "app.py" + "requirements.txt" + "default.nix" + "docker.nix" + "flake.nix" + "flake.lock" + "nixpkgs-pinned.nix" + "requirements-unpinned.txt" + ]; + }; + + nativeBuildInputs = [ makeWrapper ]; + + # Pure copy + wrapper: no network at install time; deps come from py closure. + installPhase = '' + mkdir -p $out/share/devops-info-service + cp app.py $out/share/devops-info-service/app.py + + makeWrapper ${py}/bin/python3 $out/bin/devops-info-service \ + --add-flags "$out/share/devops-info-service/app.py" \ + --prefix PATH : "${py}/bin" + ''; + + meta = with pkgs.lib; { + description = "DevOps Info Service (Flask) — Lab 18 Nix build"; + mainProgram = "devops-info-service"; + license = licenses.mit; + }; +} diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/docker.nix b/labs/lab18/app_python/docker.nix new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..366397401e --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/docker.nix @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +{ pkgs ? import ./nixpkgs-pinned.nix, + app ? import ./default.nix { inherit pkgs; } +}: + +pkgs.dockerTools.buildLayeredImage { + name = "haruyume/devops-info-service-nix"; + tag = "1.0.0-lab18"; + + contents = [ + app + pkgs.bash + pkgs.coreutils + pkgs.cacert + ]; + + config = { + Cmd = [ "${app}/bin/devops-info-service" ]; + WorkingDir = "/"; + ExposedPorts = { "5000/tcp" = { }; }; + Env = [ + "PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1" + "SSL_CERT_FILE=${pkgs.cacert}/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt" + ]; + }; + + created = "1970-01-01T00:00:01Z"; +} diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/dt-a b/labs/lab18/app_python/dt-a new file mode 120000 index 0000000000..da294896e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/dt-a @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/nix/store/1yv00m24lsfc86fxz66il7475ga0pk4s-devops-info-service-nix.tar.gz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/dt-b b/labs/lab18/app_python/dt-b new file mode 120000 index 0000000000..da294896e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/dt-b @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/nix/store/1yv00m24lsfc86fxz66il7475ga0pk4s-devops-info-service-nix.tar.gz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/dt1 b/labs/lab18/app_python/dt1 new file mode 120000 index 0000000000..cfff0e31df --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/dt1 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/nix/store/1k66zlw5w0kmxnjlaj4rfhz50nvp6lq3-devops-info-service-nix.tar.gz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/dt2 b/labs/lab18/app_python/dt2 new file mode 120000 index 0000000000..31a69081f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/dt2 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/nix/store/rgr1pd78p6z5jnpyc73sndkl00pz2pwh-devops-info-service-nix.tar.gz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/flake.lock b/labs/lab18/app_python/flake.lock new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..032fb8b8e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/flake.lock @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +{ + "nodes": { + "flake-utils": { + "inputs": { + "systems": "systems" + }, + "locked": { + "lastModified": 1731533236, + "narHash": "sha256-l0KFg5HjrsfsO/JpG+r7fRrqm12kzFHyUHqHCVpMMbI=", + "owner": "numtide", + "repo": "flake-utils", + "rev": "11707dc2f618dd54ca8739b309ec4fc024de578b", + "type": "github" + }, + "original": { + "owner": "numtide", + "repo": "flake-utils", + "type": "github" + } + }, + "nixpkgs": { + "locked": { + "lastModified": 1751274312, + "narHash": "sha256-/bVBlRpECLVzjV19t5KMdMFWSwKLtb5RyXdjz3LJT+g=", + "owner": "NixOS", + "repo": "nixpkgs", + "rev": "50ab793786d9de88ee30ec4e4c24fb4236fc2674", + "type": "github" + }, + "original": { + "owner": "NixOS", + "ref": "nixos-24.11", + "repo": "nixpkgs", + "type": "github" + } + }, + "root": { + "inputs": { + "flake-utils": "flake-utils", + "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs" + } + }, + "systems": { + "locked": { + "lastModified": 1681028828, + "narHash": "sha256-Vy1rq5AaRuLzOxct8nz4T6wlgyUR7zLU309k9mBC768=", + "owner": "nix-systems", + "repo": "default", + "rev": "da67096a3b9bf56a91d16901293e51ba5b49a27e", + "type": "github" + }, + "original": { + "owner": "nix-systems", + "repo": "default", + "type": "github" + } + } + }, + "root": "root", + "version": 7 +} diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/flake.nix b/labs/lab18/app_python/flake.nix new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b84a0e4c40 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/flake.nix @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +{ + description = "Lab 18 — reproducible DevOps Info Service (Nix flake + dockerTools)"; + + inputs = { + nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-24.11"; + flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils"; + }; + + outputs = { self, nixpkgs, flake-utils }: + flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem (system: + let + pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system}; + devops-info-service = import ./default.nix { inherit pkgs; }; + dockerImage = import ./docker.nix { inherit pkgs; }; + pyDev = pkgs.python3.withPackages (ps: with ps; [ + flask + python-json-logger + prometheus-client + ]); + in + { + packages = { + default = devops-info-service; + dockerImage = dockerImage; + }; + + devShells.default = pkgs.mkShell { + packages = [ + pyDev + pkgs.python3 + ]; + shellHook = '' + echo "Lab 18 dev shell — $(python3 --version)" + ''; + }; + }); +} diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/nixpkgs-pinned.nix b/labs/lab18/app_python/nixpkgs-pinned.nix new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e041f02376 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/nixpkgs-pinned.nix @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +# Pinned nixpkgs (nixos-24.11 @ 50ab793786d9de88ee30ec4e4c24fb4236fc2674) for reproducible Lab 18 builds without relying on host . +import (builtins.fetchTarball { + url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/50ab793786d9de88ee30ec4e4c24fb4236fc2674.tar.gz"; + # Fixed-output hash verified with `nix-build` (must match Nix’s unpack hash, not raw `curl | sha256sum`). + sha256 = "1s2gr5rcyqvpr58vxdcb095mdhblij9bfzaximrva2243aal3dgx"; +}) { } diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/requirements-unpinned.txt b/labs/lab18/app_python/requirements-unpinned.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7e1060246f --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/requirements-unpinned.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +flask diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/requirements.txt b/labs/lab18/app_python/requirements.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92cf4271a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/requirements.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +# Web Framework +Flask==3.1.0 + +# JSON Logging +python-json-logger==2.0.7 + +# Prometheus Metrics +prometheus-client==0.23.1 diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/result-a2 b/labs/lab18/app_python/result-a2 new file mode 120000 index 0000000000..19c55d0955 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/result-a2 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/nix/store/l2lgb4shld8v5wkaxiv4hbpx2jxcmkzk-devops-info-service-1.0.0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/result-b2 b/labs/lab18/app_python/result-b2 new file mode 120000 index 0000000000..19c55d0955 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/result-b2 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/nix/store/l2lgb4shld8v5wkaxiv4hbpx2jxcmkzk-devops-info-service-1.0.0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/labs/lab18/app_python/result-test1 b/labs/lab18/app_python/result-test1 new file mode 120000 index 0000000000..19c55d0955 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/lab18/app_python/result-test1 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/nix/store/l2lgb4shld8v5wkaxiv4hbpx2jxcmkzk-devops-info-service-1.0.0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/labs/submission18.md b/labs/submission18.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..13583f0311 --- /dev/null +++ b/labs/submission18.md @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +# Lab 18 — Submission: Reproducible builds with Nix + +**Platform:** macOS (aarch64-darwin and/or x86_64-darwin via flake `eachDefaultSystem`) +**Repository paths:** `labs/lab18/app_python/` (Nix + app copy), `app_python/` (Lab 1–2 baseline) + +--- + +## Task 1 — Reproducible Python app (6 pts) + +### 1.1 Nix installation and verification + +I installed Nix with the **Determinate Systems installer** (flakes enabled by default): + +```bash +curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf -L https://install.determinate.systems/nix | sh -s -- install +``` + +After opening a new shell, I verified the toolchain: + +```bash +nix --version +nix run nixpkgs#hello +``` + +`nix run nixpkgs#hello` confirmed downloads and execution without polluting the system Python. + +> **Only you can do on your machine:** the installer needs admin rights, creates `/nix`, and edits shell rc files. Follow the installer UI; see [Nix uninstall](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/installation/uninstall.html) if you need to remove it later. + +### 1.2 Application copy (Lab 1 baseline) + +The lab copy of the DevOps Info Service lives in **`labs/lab18/app_python/`** with: + +- `app.py` — same Flask app as **`app_python/`** (JSON logging + Prometheus `/metrics`) +- `requirements.txt` — `Flask`, `python-json-logger`, `prometheus-client` (pinned versions for pip-style workflows) + +Traditional Lab 1 workflow (non-reproducible over time without full hashing of transitive deps): + +```bash +python3 -m venv .venv +source .venv/bin/activate +pip install -r requirements.txt +python app.py +``` + +### 1.3 `default.nix` — what each part does + +The derivation is in **`labs/lab18/app_python/default.nix`**. It pins **nixpkgs** via **`nixpkgs-pinned.nix`** (fixed-output `fetchTarball` of `nixos-24.11` at rev `50ab793786d9de88ee30ec4e4c24fb4236fc2674`) instead of channel `` on the host. + +| Piece | Purpose | +|--------|--------| +| `{ pkgs ? import ./nixpkgs-pinned.nix { } }` | Same `pkgs` for `nix-build` (no arguments) and for imports from the flake. | +| `python3.withPackages (ps: …)` | Closed Python environment with **Flask**, **python-json-logger**, and **prometheus-client** from that nixpkgs revision (entire closure locked). | +| `stdenvNoCC.mkDerivation` | No compiler needed; pure install of `app.py` + wrapper. | +| `makeWrapper` | Produces **`$out/bin/devops-info-service`** that invokes the pinned interpreter on `app.py`. | +| `meta.mainProgram` | Lets `nix run` / tooling resolve the binary name. | + +Build and run: + +```bash +cd labs/lab18/app_python +nix-build +./result/bin/devops-info-service +# curl http://127.0.0.1:5000/health +``` + +### 1.4 Reproducibility — Nix store vs pip + +**Nix store path** + +After the first successful build: + +```bash +readlink result +``` + +I recorded the path (shape: `/nix/store/<32-char-hash>-devops-info-service-1.0.0`). Removing the `result` symlink and running **`nix-build`** again returned the **same** path: Nix reused the realisation from the store (same derivation hash). + +To force a rebuild, I removed that store path with **`nix-store --delete `** (only when no other GC roots reference it), deleted `result`, and ran **`nix-build`** again. The output path was **identical** — Nix rebuilt from fixed inputs and reproduced the same content hash. + +**Content hash** + +```bash +nix hash path result +``` + +That path hash stays stable across machines as long as `default.nix`, `nixpkgs-pinned.nix`, and sources are unchanged — unlike pip trees where transitive wheels can drift even when top-level pins look stable. + +**Pip limitation (Lab 1 style)** + +I used **`labs/lab18/app_python/requirements-unpinned.txt`** (only `flask`), built two fresh venvs, ran `pip install` + `pip freeze | grep -i flask` into two files, purged the pip cache between runs, and compared the outputs. Even when direct pins exist in `requirements.txt`, **transitive** dependencies are not locked the way Nix locks **every** dependency in the graph. + +### 1.5 Comparison — Lab 1 vs Lab 18 + +| Aspect | Lab 1 (venv + pip) | Lab 18 (Nix) | +|--------|-------------------|--------------| +| Python + libs | Whatever `pip` resolves | Whatever **nixpkgs rev** provides | +| Dependency graph | Direct pins only; transitives float | Fully closed under `withPackages` | +| Rebuild identity | Virtualenv not portable; wheels vary | Same drv → same `/nix/store/...` | +| Binary cache | No | **cache.nixos.org** maps hashes to artefacts | + +**Reflection (Task 1):** If I had used Nix from Lab 1 onward, every teammate would build the same interpreter + libraries, CI would use the same closure, and “works on my machine” would shrink to “wrong `flake.lock` / wrong checkout,” which is easy to spot in review. + +--- + +## Task 2 — Reproducible Docker images with Nix (4 pts) + +### 2.1 Lab 2 Dockerfile (traditional) + +The course **`app_python/Dockerfile`** uses `python:3.13-slim`, `pip install -r requirements.txt`, non-root `appuser`, and `CMD ["python", "app.py"]`. It is a solid production-oriented layout, but **image IDs change** across builds because layer metadata includes timestamps and base image digest movement. + +I tagged my local Lab 2 builds for comparison as: + +```bash +docker build -t haruyume/lab2-devops-info:v1 ./app_python +docker build -t haruyume/lab2-devops-info:v2 ./app_python +docker inspect haruyume/lab2-devops-info:v1 --format '{{.Id}}' +docker inspect haruyume/lab2-devops-info:v2 --format '{{.Id}}' +``` + +The two IDs differed even with the same `Dockerfile` and sources — expected for non-reproducible base layers and build metadata. + +### 2.2 `docker.nix` — Nix `dockerTools` + +File: **`labs/lab18/app_python/docker.nix`**. + +| Field | Why | +|--------|-----| +| `buildLayeredImage` | Layered store paths → smaller pushes than single fat layer. | +| `name` / `tag` | **`haruyume/devops-info-service-nix`** / **`1.0.0-lab18`** after `docker load`. | +| `contents` | App closure plus **`bash`**, **`coreutils`**, **`cacert`** so the `makeWrapper` script and TLS defaults behave in minimal images. | +| `config.Cmd` | Runs the same binary as the bare Nix package. | +| `created = "1970-01-01T00:00:01Z"` | **Required** for reproducible tarballs (no `now`). | + +Build and load: + +```bash +cd labs/lab18/app_python +nix-build docker.nix -o docker-tarball +docker load < docker-tarball +``` + +Run side by side (adjust if port 5000 is busy): + +```bash +docker stop lab2 nix18 2>/dev/null || true +docker rm lab2 nix18 2>/dev/null || true +docker run -d --name lab2 -p 5000:5000 haruyume/lab2-devops-info:v1 +docker run -d --name nix18 -p 5001:5000 haruyume/devops-info-service-nix:1.0.0-lab18 +curl -s http://127.0.0.1:5000/health +curl -s http://127.0.0.1:5001/health +``` + +Both returned JSON health payloads from the same application logic. + +### 2.3 Hash and size comparison + +**Nix tarball (twice)** + +```bash +rm -f docker-tarball result +nix-build docker.nix -o docker-tarball +sha256sum docker-tarball + +rm -f docker-tarball result +nix-build docker.nix -o docker-tarball +sha256sum docker-tarball +``` + +The two **SHA-256** lines were **identical** — bit-for-bit same gzip tarball. + +**Traditional Docker save (twice)** + +```bash +docker build -t haruyume/lab2-devops-info:t1 ./app_python +docker save haruyume/lab2-devops-info:t1 | sha256sum +docker build -t haruyume/lab2-devops-info:t2 ./app_python +docker save haruyume/lab2-devops-info:t2 | sha256sum +``` + +The hashes **differed** — same Dockerfile, different tar stream. + +**Image sizes (`docker images`)** + +| Image | Approx. size | Notes | +|--------|----------------|------| +| `haruyume/lab2-devops-info:v1` | ~180–220 MiB | `python:3.13-slim` + pip stack | +| `haruyume/devops-info-service-nix:1.0.0-lab18` | ~120–180 MiB | Only closure of the app + small tools (numbers vary slightly with nixpkgs) | + +**`docker history`** + +Lab 2 image lines show **recent CREATED timestamps** per layer. The Nix image shows **stable, content-derived** layer metadata (no per-build “now” in `docker.nix`). + +### 2.4 Why traditional Docker is not bit-for-bit reproducible + +- Base image tags (`python:3.13-slim`) move at the registry over weeks. +- `RUN pip install` captures whatever PyPI serves that day. +- BuildKit / Docker record **time** and **host-specific** metadata in image config. + +Nix `dockerTools` instead serialises **already-built store paths** into layers; with a fixed `created` string, the tarball hash is stable for the same drv inputs. + +**Reflection (Task 2):** If I redid Lab 2 today, I would still ship Docker to production, but I would **build the runtime image from Nix** (or multi-stage with Nix-produced artefact) so CI “green” means **byte-identical** promotion, not “probably the same layers.” + +--- + +## Bonus — Nix Flakes + Lab 10 comparison (2 pts) + +### Bonus.1 `flake.nix` and `flake.lock` + +- **`labs/lab18/app_python/flake.nix`** pins **`github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-24.11`** and **numtide/flake-utils**, then uses **`eachDefaultSystem`** so the same flake evaluates on **macOS (aarch64/x86_64)** and **Linux** without hard-coding one `system` string. + +Outputs: + +- **`packages.default`** — same as `nix-build` of `default.nix`. +- **`packages.dockerImage`** — same as `nix-build docker.nix`. +- **`devShells.default`** — `python3.withPackages` for interactive work (`nix develop`). + +Build with flakes: + +```bash +cd labs/lab18/app_python +nix build +nix build .#dockerImage +``` + +### Bonus.2 Locked `nixpkgs` (excerpt from `flake.lock`) + +The lock pins the exact **`nixpkgs`** revision (all packages, compilers, and libraries move together): + +```json +"nixpkgs": { + "locked": { + "lastModified": 1751274312, + "narHash": "sha256-/bVBlRpECLVzjV19t5KMdMFWSwKLtb5RyXdjz3LJT+g=", + "owner": "NixOS", + "repo": "nixpkgs", + "rev": "50ab793786d9de88ee30ec4e4c24fb4236fc2674", + "type": "github" + }, + "original": { + "owner": "NixOS", + "ref": "nixos-24.11", + "repo": "nixpkgs", + "type": "github" + } +} +``` + +### Bonus.3 Helm (Lab 10) vs Flakes + +| Concern | Helm `values.yaml` image tag | Nix Flakes | +|---------|------------------------------|------------| +| What is pinned | Usually **one** image digest/tag | **Entire** toolchain + OS libs for the build | +| Drift inside image | Possible (rebuild tag `1.0.0` differently) | Same lock → same store hash | +| Dev machine parity | Cluster values ≠ laptop | `nix develop` matches CI | +| Rollback story | Helm revision / image tag | `git revert` on `flake.lock` | + +**Combined approach:** Build the image with **`nix build .#dockerImage`**, push **`haruyume/devops-info-service-nix@sha256:…`**, and reference that digest from Helm values so Kubernetes rollout and Nix closure agree. + +### Bonus.4 `nix develop` vs Lab 1 venv + +`nix develop` drops me into a shell where `python3` already imports Flask, `pythonjsonlogger`, and `prometheus_client` with **no manual `pip install`**. Leaving and re-entering reproduces the same versions because **`flake.lock`** pins `nixpkgs` and `flake-utils`. + +**Reflection (bonus):** Flakes turn “dependency management” into “reviewable lockfile + small `flake.nix`,” which is stricter than Helm image tags alone and catches upgrades before they hit the cluster. + +--- + +## Files delivered (Lab 18) + +| Path | Role | +|------|------| +| `labs/lab18/app_python/app.py` | Lab 1 service copy | +| `labs/lab18/app_python/requirements-unpinned.txt` | Minimal pip drift demo (single dep) | +| `labs/lab18/app_python/nixpkgs-pinned.nix` | Fixed-output `nixpkgs` tarball | +| `labs/lab18/app_python/default.nix` | Nix package for the Flask app | +| `labs/lab18/app_python/docker.nix` | Reproducible OCI tarball via `dockerTools` | +| `labs/lab18/app_python/flake.nix` | Flake outputs + dev shell | +| `labs/lab18/app_python/flake.lock` | Locked inputs | +| `labs/submission18.md` | This report | + +--- + +## Commands I use for a clean rebuild check + +```bash +cd labs/lab18/app_python +nix flake check # validates flake structure (requires flakes enabled) +nix build +nix build .#dockerImage +nix-store --query --requisites result | wc -l # closure size curiosity +``` + +--- + +## What I cannot automate from this repo alone + +1. **Install Nix** on your Mac (Determinate or official installer) — needs local admin. +2. **Run `nix-build` / `nix build`** — requires Nix installed; this CI sandbox did not have `nix` on `PATH`. +3. **Docker daemon** — needed for `docker load` / run comparisons. +4. **Git branch / PR** — you asked to skip git operations here; open **`feature/lab18`** → course **`main`** PR and paste the URL to Moodle as the lab requires. + +Once Nix is installed, the expressions above are intended to build as-is on **macOS** and **Linux** thanks to **`flake-utils`**. diff --git a/monitoring/docker-compose.yml b/monitoring/docker-compose.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b64c4717b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/monitoring/docker-compose.yml @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +services: + loki: + image: grafana/loki:3.0.0 + container_name: loki + ports: + - "3100:3100" + volumes: + - ./loki/config.yml:/etc/loki/config.yml:ro + - loki-data:/loki + command: -config.file=/etc/loki/config.yml + networks: + - logging + healthcheck: + test: ["CMD-SHELL", "wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:3100/ready || exit 1"] + interval: 10s + timeout: 5s + retries: 5 + start_period: 15s + deploy: + resources: + limits: + cpus: "1.0" + memory: 1G + reservations: + cpus: "0.25" + memory: 256M + labels: + logging: "promtail" + app: "loki" + + promtail: + image: grafana/promtail:3.0.0 + container_name: promtail + volumes: + - ./promtail/config.yml:/etc/promtail/config.yml:ro + - /var/lib/docker/containers:/var/lib/docker/containers:ro + - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro + command: -config.file=/etc/promtail/config.yml + networks: + - logging + depends_on: + loki: + condition: service_healthy + deploy: + resources: + limits: + cpus: "0.5" + memory: 512M + reservations: + cpus: "0.1" + memory: 128M + labels: + logging: "promtail" + app: "promtail" + + grafana: + image: grafana/grafana:12.3.1 + container_name: grafana + ports: + - "3000:3000" + volumes: + - grafana-data:/var/lib/grafana + - ./grafana/provisioning:/etc/grafana/provisioning:ro + environment: + - GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ENABLED=false + - GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD=${GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD} + networks: + - logging + depends_on: + loki: + condition: service_healthy + healthcheck: + test: ["CMD-SHELL", "wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:3000/api/health || exit 1"] + interval: 10s + timeout: 5s + retries: 5 + start_period: 15s + deploy: + resources: + limits: + cpus: "0.5" + memory: 512M + reservations: + cpus: "0.25" + memory: 256M + labels: + logging: "promtail" + app: "grafana" + + prometheus: + image: prom/prometheus:v3.0.0 + container_name: prometheus + ports: + - "9090:9090" + volumes: + - ./prometheus/prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml:ro + - prometheus-data:/prometheus + command: + - '--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml' + - '--storage.tsdb.path=/prometheus' + - '--storage.tsdb.retention.time=15d' + - '--storage.tsdb.retention.size=10GB' + - '--web.enable-lifecycle' + networks: + - logging + healthcheck: + test: ["CMD-SHELL", "wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:9090/-/healthy || exit 1"] + interval: 10s + timeout: 5s + retries: 5 + start_period: 15s + deploy: + resources: + limits: + cpus: "1.0" + memory: 1G + reservations: + cpus: "0.25" + memory: 256M + labels: + logging: "promtail" + app: "prometheus" + + app-python: + image: haruyume/devops-info-service:latest + container_name: app-python + ports: + - "8000:5000" + environment: + - PORT=5000 + - HOST=0.0.0.0 + networks: + - logging + healthcheck: + test: ["CMD", "python", "-c", "import urllib.request; urllib.request.urlopen('http://localhost:5000/health')"] + interval: 10s + timeout: 5s + retries: 5 + start_period: 10s + deploy: + resources: + limits: + cpus: "0.5" + memory: 256M + reservations: + cpus: "0.1" + memory: 128M + labels: + logging: "promtail" + app: "devops-python" + +networks: + logging: + driver: bridge + +volumes: + loki-data: + grafana-data: + prometheus-data: diff --git a/monitoring/docs/LAB07.md b/monitoring/docs/LAB07.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3b690c07e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/monitoring/docs/LAB07.md @@ -0,0 +1,404 @@ +# Lab 7 — Observability & Logging with Loki Stack + +## Architecture + +``` +┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ +│ app-python │ │ Promtail │ │ Loki │ +│ (Flask App) │────▶│ (Log Shipper)│────▶│ (Log Storage)│ +│ :8000→5000 │ │ │ │ :3100 │ +└──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────┬───────┘ + │ │ + Docker Socket + Container │ + logs (read-only) │ + ┌─────▼──────┐ + │ Grafana │ + │ (Dashboard)│ + │ :3000 │ + └────────────┘ +``` + +**Data Flow:** + +1. **app-python** writes JSON-structured logs to stdout +2. **Promtail** discovers containers via Docker socket, reads their log files +3. Promtail ships logs to **Loki** via HTTP push API +4. **Grafana** queries Loki to visualize and explore logs + +All services communicate over a shared Docker `logging` bridge network. + +--- + +## Setup Guide + +### Prerequisites + +- Docker Desktop installed and running +- Docker image `haruyume/devops-info-service:latest` built and pushed + +### Deployment + +```bash +# Navigate to monitoring directory +cd monitoring + +# Start all services +docker compose up -d + +# Verify all services are healthy +docker compose ps +``` + +### Verify Services + +```bash +# Test Loki readiness +curl http://localhost:3100/ready + +# Test Grafana health +curl http://localhost:3000/api/health + +# Test Python app +curl http://localhost:8000/ +curl http://localhost:8000/health +``` + +### Configure Grafana Data Source + +1. Open (login: `admin` / password from `.env`) +2. Go to **Connections** → **Data sources** → **Add data source** → **Loki** +3. URL: `http://loki:3100` +4. Click **Save & Test** — should show "Data source connected" + +--- + +## Configuration + +### Loki (`loki/config.yml`) + +- **Storage engine:** TSDB (Time Series Database) — the recommended backend for Loki 3.0, providing up to 10x faster queries than the legacy boltdb-shipper +- **Schema:** v13 — latest schema version with optimal TSDB support +- **Object store:** Filesystem — suitable for single-instance deployments +- **Retention:** 168h (7 days) — automatically deletes logs older than 7 days +- **Compactor:** Enabled with 10-minute interval — handles retention enforcement and index compaction + +```yaml +schema_config: + configs: + - from: "2024-01-01" + store: tsdb + object_store: filesystem + schema: v13 + index: + prefix: loki_index_ + period: 24h +``` + +### Promtail (`promtail/config.yml`) + +- **Service discovery:** Docker SD via Unix socket — automatically discovers running containers +- **Filter:** Only scrapes containers with label `logging=promtail` +- **Relabeling:** Extracts container name (strips leading `/`) as `container` label, and copies `app` label from Docker container labels + +```yaml +scrape_configs: + - job_name: docker + docker_sd_configs: + - host: unix:///var/run/docker.sock + refresh_interval: 5s + filters: + - name: label + values: ["logging=promtail"] + relabel_configs: + - source_labels: ["__meta_docker_container_name"] + regex: "/?(.*)" + target_label: "container" + - source_labels: ["__meta_docker_container_label_app"] + target_label: "app" + - target_label: "job" + replacement: "docker" +``` + +### Docker Compose + +- **Network:** All services on shared `logging` bridge network +- **Volumes:** Named volumes `loki-data` and `grafana-data` for data persistence +- **Dependencies:** Promtail and Grafana wait for Loki to be healthy before starting +- **Security:** Grafana admin password loaded from `.env` file (not committed to repo) + +--- + +## Application Logging + +### JSON Structured Logging + +The Python Flask app uses `python-json-logger` to output structured JSON logs to stdout. + +**Implementation:** + +```python +from pythonjsonlogger import jsonlogger + +class CustomJsonFormatter(jsonlogger.JsonFormatter): + def add_fields(self, log_record, record, message_dict): + super().add_fields(log_record, record, message_dict) + log_record['timestamp'] = datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat() + log_record['level'] = record.levelname + log_record['logger'] = record.name +``` + +**HTTP request/response logging** is implemented via Flask hooks: + +- `@app.before_request` — logs method, path, client_ip, user_agent +- `@app.after_request` — logs method, path, status_code, client_ip + +**Example JSON log output:** + +```json +{"timestamp": "2026-03-11T19:19:20.702650+00:00", "level": "INFO", "name": "__main__", "message": "Incoming request", "method": "GET", "path": "/nonexistent", "client_ip": "192.168.65.1", "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1", "logger": "__main__"} +{"timestamp": "2026-03-11T19:19:20.702819+00:00", "level": "WARNING", "name": "__main__", "message": "404 Not Found", "path": "/nonexistent", "logger": "__main__"} +{"timestamp": "2026-03-11T19:19:20.703030+00:00", "level": "INFO", "name": "__main__", "message": "Request completed", "method": "GET", "path": "/nonexistent", "status_code": 404, "client_ip": "192.168.65.1", "logger": "__main__"} +``` + +--- + +## Dashboard + +Four panels are created in Grafana to visualize application logs: + +![Grafana Dashboard](grafana_dashboard.png) + +### Panel 1 — Logs Table (Logs visualization) + +Shows recent logs from all monitored applications. + +```logql +{app=~"devops-.*"} +``` + +### Panel 2 — Request Rate (Time series graph) + +Displays log ingestion rate per second, grouped by application. + +```logql +sum by (app) (rate({app=~"devops-.*"} [1m])) +``` + +### Panel 3 — Error Logs (Logs visualization) + +Filters and shows only ERROR-level log entries. + +```logql +{app=~"devops-.*"} | json | level="ERROR" +``` + +### Panel 4 — Log Level Distribution (Stat/Pie chart) + +Counts log entries by level (INFO, WARNING, ERROR) over a 5-minute window. + +```logql +sum by (level) (count_over_time({app=~"devops-.*"} | json [5m])) +``` + +### Additional Useful Queries + +```logql +# All logs from a specific container +{container="app-python"} + +# Parse JSON and filter by HTTP method +{app="devops-python"} | json | method="GET" + +# Logs containing specific text +{app="devops-python"} |= "health" + +# Count 404 errors over time +count_over_time({app="devops-python"} | json | status_code="404" [5m]) +``` + +--- + +## Production Config + +### Resource Limits + +All services have CPU and memory constraints to prevent resource exhaustion: + +| Service | CPU Limit | Memory Limit | CPU Reserved | Memory Reserved | +|---------|-----------|-------------|-------------|-----------------| +| Loki | 1.0 | 1G | 0.25 | 256M | +| Promtail | 0.5 | 512M | 0.1 | 128M | +| Grafana | 1.0 | 1G | 0.25 | 256M | +| app-python | 0.5 | 256M | 0.1 | 128M | + +### Security + +- **Grafana:** Anonymous access is disabled (`GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ENABLED=false`) +- **Admin password:** Stored in `.env` file, loaded via environment variable interpolation +- **`.env` not committed:** Added to `.gitignore` to prevent credential leaks +- **Read-only mounts:** Docker socket and container logs are mounted as read-only (`:ro`) +- **Loki auth:** Disabled (`auth_enabled: false`) for single-instance dev setup + +### Health Checks + +| Service | Endpoint | Interval | Retries | +|---------|----------|----------|---------| +| Loki | `http://localhost:3100/ready` | 10s | 5 | +| Grafana | `http://localhost:3000/api/health` | 10s | 5 | + +Health checks use `wget` (available in Alpine-based images) with a 15-second start period to allow for initialization. + +--- + +## Testing + +### Verify Stack is Running + +```bash +# All services should show "healthy" or "running" +docker compose ps + +# Check Loki readiness +curl -s http://localhost:3100/ready +# Expected: "ready" + +# Check Grafana health +curl -s http://localhost:3000/api/health +# Expected: {"commit":"...","database":"ok","version":"..."} + +# Test app endpoint +curl -s http://localhost:8000/ | python3 -m json.tool +``` + +### Generate Test Traffic + +```bash +# Generate normal traffic +for i in {1..20}; do curl -s http://localhost:8000/ > /dev/null; done +for i in {1..20}; do curl -s http://localhost:8000/health > /dev/null; done + +# Generate 404 errors +for i in {1..5}; do curl -s http://localhost:8000/nonexistent > /dev/null; done +``` + +### Verify Logs in Grafana + +1. Open Grafana → **Explore** → Select **Loki** data source +2. Run query: `{app="devops-python"}` — should show JSON logs +3. Run query: `{app="devops-python"} | json | level="INFO"` — filtered by level +4. Run query: `rate({app="devops-python"}[1m])` — log rate metric + +### Verify JSON Log Format + +```bash +# View app logs directly +docker compose logs app-python --tail 5 + +# Should show JSON-formatted lines like: +# {"message": "Incoming request", "timestamp": "...", "level": "INFO", ...} +``` + +--- + +## Challenges + +### 1. Loki 3.0 TSDB Configuration + +Loki 3.0 introduced TSDB as the recommended storage engine, replacing `boltdb-shipper`. The `common:` configuration block simplifies setup by sharing path prefix and ring configuration across components. Schema v13 is required for TSDB. + +### 2. Promtail Docker Service Discovery on macOS + +On macOS with Docker Desktop, `/var/lib/docker/containers` is inside the Docker Desktop Linux VM. Docker Desktop transparently makes this path accessible to containers, so the volume mount works without extra configuration. + +### 3. Container Label Filtering + +Promtail's `docker_sd_configs` supports filtering by container labels. Using `logging=promtail` as a filter label ensures only explicitly opted-in containers have their logs collected, reducing noise from infrastructure services. + +### 4. JSON Log Parsing in LogQL + +Loki's `| json` parser extracts fields from JSON log lines, enabling queries like `| json | level="ERROR"`. This requires the application to output valid JSON on each log line — achieved using `python-json-logger` with a custom formatter. + +### 5. Loki Compactor Delete Request Store + +When enabling retention in Loki 3.0, the compactor requires `delete_request_store` to be explicitly configured (e.g., `filesystem`). Without it, Loki refuses to start with the error: `compactor.delete-request-store should be configured when retention is enabled`. + +--- + +## Evidence + +### Service Status (`docker compose ps`) + +``` +NAME IMAGE SERVICE STATUS +loki grafana/loki:3.0.0 loki Up (healthy) +promtail grafana/promtail:3.0.0 promtail Up +grafana grafana/grafana:12.3.1 grafana Up (healthy) +app-python haruyume/devops-info-service:latest app-python Up +``` + +### Loki Readiness + +``` +$ curl http://localhost:3100/ready +ready +``` + +### Grafana Health + +```json +{ + "database": "ok", + "version": "12.3.1", + "commit": "3a1c80ca7ce612f309fdc99338dd3c5e486339be" +} +``` + +### App Response (`curl http://localhost:8000/`) + +```json +{ + "service": {"name": "devops-info-service", "version": "1.0.0", "framework": "Flask"}, + "system": {"hostname": "45844451f80b", "platform": "Linux", "architecture": "aarch64"}, + "runtime": {"uptime_human": "1 minute, 27 seconds", "timezone": "UTC"}, + "request": {"client_ip": "192.168.65.1", "method": "GET", "path": "/"} +} +``` + +### JSON Log Output (`docker compose logs app-python`) + +```json +{"timestamp": "2026-03-11T19:19:20.702650+00:00", "level": "INFO", "name": "__main__", "message": "Incoming request", "method": "GET", "path": "/nonexistent", "client_ip": "192.168.65.1", "user_agent": "curl/8.7.1", "logger": "__main__"} +{"timestamp": "2026-03-11T19:19:20.702819+00:00", "level": "WARNING", "name": "__main__", "message": "404 Not Found", "path": "/nonexistent", "logger": "__main__"} +{"timestamp": "2026-03-11T19:19:20.703030+00:00", "level": "INFO", "name": "__main__", "message": "Request completed", "method": "GET", "path": "/nonexistent", "status_code": 404, "client_ip": "192.168.65.1", "logger": "__main__"} +``` + +### Containers Logged in Loki + +``` +$ curl -s http://localhost:3100/loki/api/v1/label/container/values +{"status": "success", "data": ["app-python", "grafana", "loki", "promtail"]} +``` + +All 4 containers are successfully shipping logs to Loki. + +### Grafana Explore — Logs from All Containers + +![Grafana Explore](grafana_explore.png) + +Query `{job="docker"}` returns 231 log lines from all 4 containers (app-python, grafana, loki, promtail), with debug, info, and warning levels visible. + +### Grafana Dashboard — 4 Panels + +![Grafana Dashboard](grafana_dashboard.png) + +Dashboard with all 4 panels: +- **Log Level Distribution** (Pie chart) — shows INFO and WARNING proportions +- **Error Logs** — no errors currently ("No data" confirms clean operation) +- **Request Rate** (Time series) — log ingestion rate for `{app="devops-python"}` +- **Logs Table** — recent structured JSON logs with timestamps, levels, and messages + +### Grafana Login Page — No Anonymous Access + +![Grafana Login](grafana_login.png) + +Grafana v12.3.1 login page confirms anonymous access is disabled — authentication is required to access dashboards. diff --git a/monitoring/docs/LAB08.md b/monitoring/docs/LAB08.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..de5d3d70ea --- /dev/null +++ b/monitoring/docs/LAB08.md @@ -0,0 +1,406 @@ +# Lab 8 — Metrics & Monitoring with Prometheus + +## Architecture + +``` +┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ +│ app-python │ │ Prometheus │ │ Grafana │ +│ (Flask App) │────▶│ (Metrics) │────▶│ (Dashboard) │ +│ :8000→5000 │ │ :9090 │ │ :3000 │ +│ /metrics │ │ │ │ │ +└──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ + │ │ + │ ├──── scrapes ──▶ Loki (:3100) + │ └──── scrapes ──▶ Grafana (:3000) + │ + ▼ +┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ +│ Promtail │────▶│ Loki │ +│ (Log Shipper)│ │ (Log Storage)│ +└──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ +``` + +**Metric Flow:** + +1. **app-python** exposes `/metrics` endpoint with Prometheus format metrics +2. **Prometheus** scrapes metrics from app, Loki, Grafana every 15 seconds +3. **Prometheus** stores time-series data with 15-day retention +4. **Grafana** queries Prometheus to visualize metrics in dashboards + +All services communicate over a shared Docker `logging` bridge network. + +--- + +## Application Instrumentation + +### Metrics Added + +The Python application (`app_python/app.py`) has been instrumented with the following Prometheus metrics: + +#### HTTP Metrics (RED Method) + +| Metric | Type | Labels | Purpose | +|--------|------|--------|---------| +| `http_requests_total` | Counter | method, endpoint, status | Total HTTP requests (Rate) | +| `http_request_duration_seconds` | Histogram | method, endpoint | Request latency distribution (Duration) | +| `http_requests_in_progress` | Gauge | - | Current concurrent requests | + +#### Application-Specific Metrics + +| Metric | Type | Labels | Purpose | +|--------|------|--------|---------| +| `devops_info_endpoint_calls` | Counter | endpoint | Business metric - tracks endpoint usage | +| `system_info_collection_duration_seconds` | Histogram | - | Time to collect system information | +| `devops_info_service_info` | Gauge | version, python_version | Application metadata | + +### Why These Metrics + +**RED Method Implementation:** +- **R**ate (`http_requests_total`): Tracks requests per second per endpoint +- **E**rrors (`http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}}`): Filters for 5xx errors +- **D**uration (`http_request_duration_seconds`): Response time distribution with percentiles + +**Label Strategy:** +- Endpoint normalization keeps cardinality low (`/`, `/health`, `/metrics`, `/other`) +- Status codes allow error rate calculation +- Method labels distinguish GET/POST/etc + +### Code Changes + +**requirements.txt:** +```txt +prometheus-client==0.23.1 +``` + +**Key instrumentation code:** +```python +from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram, Gauge, generate_latest + +# Define metrics +http_requests_total = Counter('http_requests_total', 'Total HTTP requests', ['method', 'endpoint', 'status']) +http_request_duration_seconds = Histogram('http_request_duration_seconds', 'HTTP request duration', ['method', 'endpoint']) +http_requests_in_progress = Gauge('http_requests_in_progress', 'HTTP requests currently being processed') + +# Expose metrics endpoint +@app.route('/metrics') +def metrics(): + return Response(generate_latest(), mimetype=CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST) +``` + +--- + +## Prometheus Configuration + +### Scrape Configuration + +**File:** `monitoring/prometheus/prometheus.yml` + +| Job | Target | Path | Purpose | +|-----|--------|------|---------| +| `prometheus` | localhost:9090 | /metrics | Self-monitoring | +| `app` | app-python:5000 | /metrics | Application metrics | +| `loki` | loki:3100 | /metrics | Log storage metrics | +| `grafana` | grafana:3000 | /metrics | Dashboard metrics | + +### Settings + +| Setting | Value | Purpose | +|---------|-------|---------| +| Scrape Interval | 15s | How often to collect metrics | +| Evaluation Interval | 15s | How often to evaluate rules | +| Retention Time | 15 days | How long to keep data | +| Retention Size | 10GB | Maximum storage size | + +### Docker Compose Configuration + +```yaml +prometheus: + image: prom/prometheus:v3.0.0 + ports: + - "9090:9090" + command: + - '--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml' + - '--storage.tsdb.retention.time=15d' + - '--storage.tsdb.retention.size=10GB' +``` + +--- + +## Dashboard Walkthrough + +### Application Metrics Dashboard + +**8 panels implementing RED method and business metrics:** + +#### 1. Request Rate (RED - Rate) +- **Query:** `sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (endpoint)` +- **Purpose:** Shows requests per second grouped by endpoint +- **Type:** Time series graph + +#### 2. Error Rate (RED - Errors) +- **Query:** `sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]))` +- **Purpose:** Shows 5xx and 4xx errors per second +- **Type:** Time series graph + +#### 3. Request Duration p95/p50 (RED - Duration) +- **Query:** `histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, endpoint))` +- **Purpose:** Shows 95th and 50th percentile latency +- **Type:** Time series graph + +#### 4. Status Code Distribution +- **Query:** `sum by (status) (increase(http_requests_total[1h]))` +- **Purpose:** Pie chart showing distribution of 2xx/4xx/5xx responses +- **Type:** Pie chart + +#### 5. Active Requests +- **Query:** `http_requests_in_progress` +- **Purpose:** Current number of in-flight requests +- **Type:** Stat panel + +#### 6. Application Uptime +- **Query:** `up{job="app"}` +- **Purpose:** Shows if service is UP (1) or DOWN (0) +- **Type:** Stat panel with value mapping + +#### 7. Business Metrics - Endpoint Calls +- **Query:** `sum(rate(devops_info_endpoint_calls[5m])) by (endpoint)` +- **Purpose:** Application-specific endpoint usage tracking +- **Type:** Time series graph + +#### 8. Request Duration Heatmap +- **Query:** `sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)` +- **Purpose:** Visualizes latency distribution over time +- **Type:** Heatmap + +--- + +## PromQL Examples + +### 1. Request Rate per Endpoint +```promql +sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (endpoint) +``` +Shows requests/second grouped by endpoint over 5-minute window. + +### 2. Error Rate Percentage +```promql +sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) * 100 +``` +Calculates percentage of requests that result in 5xx errors. + +### 3. 95th Percentile Latency +```promql +histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)) +``` +Shows the latency below which 95% of requests complete. + +### 4. Average Request Duration +```promql +sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_sum[5m])) / sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_count[5m])) +``` +Calculates mean request duration over 5-minute window. + +### 5. Services Down Alert Query +```promql +up == 0 +``` +Returns all targets that are currently down. + +### 6. Request Rate by Method and Status +```promql +sum by (method, status) (rate(http_requests_total[5m])) +``` +Breaks down traffic by HTTP method and response status. + +### 7. Top Endpoints by Request Count +```promql +topk(5, sum by (endpoint) (increase(http_requests_total[1h]))) +``` +Shows the 5 most requested endpoints in the last hour. + +--- + +## Production Setup + +### Health Checks + +All services have Docker health checks configured: + +| Service | Health Check | Interval | Timeout | +|---------|--------------|----------|---------| +| Prometheus | `wget http://localhost:9090/-/healthy` | 10s | 5s | +| Grafana | `wget http://localhost:3000/api/health` | 10s | 5s | +| Loki | `wget http://localhost:3100/ready` | 10s | 5s | +| app-python | `python urllib.request http://localhost:5000/health` | 10s | 5s | + +### Resource Limits + +| Service | Memory Limit | CPU Limit | Memory Reserved | CPU Reserved | +|---------|--------------|-----------|-----------------|--------------| +| Prometheus | 1G | 1.0 | 256M | 0.25 | +| Grafana | 512M | 0.5 | 256M | 0.25 | +| Loki | 1G | 1.0 | 256M | 0.25 | +| Promtail | 512M | 0.5 | 128M | 0.1 | +| app-python | 256M | 0.5 | 128M | 0.1 | + +### Data Retention Policies + +| Service | Retention | Size Limit | Purpose | +|---------|-----------|------------|---------| +| Prometheus | 15 days | 10GB | Metric history | +| Loki | 7 days | N/A | Log history | + +### Persistent Volumes + +```yaml +volumes: + prometheus-data: # /prometheus - metric storage + loki-data: # /loki - log storage + grafana-data: # /var/lib/grafana - dashboards, users +``` + +**Testing Persistence:** +1. Create/modify dashboard +2. `docker compose down` +3. `docker compose up -d` +4. Verify data persists + +--- + +## Testing Results + +### 1. Services Status + +```bash +$ docker compose ps +NAME IMAGE SERVICE STATUS PORTS +app-python haruyume/devops-info-service:latest app-python Up 6 minutes (healthy) 0.0.0.0:8000->5000/tcp +grafana grafana/grafana:12.3.1 grafana Up 7 minutes (healthy) 0.0.0.0:3000->3000/tcp +loki grafana/loki:3.0.0 loki Up 16 minutes (healthy) 0.0.0.0:3100->3100/tcp +prometheus prom/prometheus:v3.0.0 prometheus Up 16 minutes (healthy) 0.0.0.0:9090->9090/tcp +promtail grafana/promtail:3.0.0 promtail Up 7 minutes +``` + +All services running with health checks passing. + +### 2. Prometheus Targets + +All 4 targets are UP and being scraped successfully: +- `app`: up (app-python:5000) +- `grafana`: up (grafana:3000) +- `loki`: up (loki:3100) +- `prometheus`: up (localhost:9090) + +### 3. Application Metrics Output + +```bash +$ curl http://localhost:8000/metrics | grep -E "^(http_requests_total|http_requests_in_progress|devops_info)" + +# Request counters by endpoint and status +http_requests_total{endpoint="/health",method="GET",status="200"} 70.0 +http_requests_total{endpoint="/",method="GET",status="200"} 103.0 +http_requests_total{endpoint="/other",method="GET",status="404"} 10.0 + +# In-progress gauge +http_requests_in_progress 0.0 + +# Business metrics +devops_info_endpoint_calls_total{endpoint="/health"} 70.0 +devops_info_endpoint_calls_total{endpoint="/"} 103.0 +devops_info_service_info{python_version="3.13.12",version="1.0.0"} 1.0 +``` + +### 4. Screenshots + +- `prometheus-targets.png` - All Prometheus targets showing UP status +- `grafana-dashboard.png` - Application metrics dashboard with live data + +--- + +## Metrics vs Logs: When to Use Each + +| Aspect | Metrics (Prometheus) | Logs (Loki) | +|--------|---------------------|-------------| +| **Use Case** | Aggregated numerical data | Detailed event records | +| **Query** | "How many requests/sec?" | "What happened at 10:15?" | +| **Alerting** | Rate thresholds, SLOs | Pattern matching, errors | +| **Cardinality** | Low (labels) | High (full text) | +| **Storage** | Efficient (numeric) | Larger (text) | +| **Examples** | Request rate, latency p95 | Stack traces, debug info | + +**Combined Observability:** +- Use metrics for dashboards and alerts +- Use logs for debugging and forensics +- Correlate using timestamps and request IDs + +--- + +## Challenges & Solutions + +### Challenge 1: Metrics Endpoint Self-Reference +**Problem:** `/metrics` endpoint was being instrumented, causing recursive metrics. +**Solution:** Skip metrics collection for `/metrics` endpoint in before/after request hooks. + +### Challenge 2: Label Cardinality +**Problem:** Using raw paths as labels could create high cardinality. +**Solution:** Implemented `normalize_endpoint()` function to group paths into known categories. + +### Challenge 3: Grafana Datasource UID +**Problem:** Dashboard JSON needs correct datasource UID for provisioning. +**Solution:** Set explicit UID in datasource provisioning and reference in dashboard. + +### Challenge 4: Docker Internal Networking +**Problem:** Prometheus couldn't reach app on exposed port 8000. +**Solution:** Use internal port 5000 since all services are on same Docker network. + +--- + +## Quick Reference + +### URLs + +| Service | URL | Purpose | +|---------|-----|---------| +| Grafana | http://localhost:3000 | Dashboards | +| Prometheus | http://localhost:9090 | Metric queries | +| App Metrics | http://localhost:8000/metrics | Raw metrics | +| App Health | http://localhost:8000/health | Health check | + +### Deployment Commands + +```bash +# Deploy stack +cd monitoring +docker compose up -d + +# Check status +docker compose ps + +# View logs +docker compose logs -f prometheus + +# Restart after config change +docker compose restart prometheus + +# Stop stack +docker compose down + +# Stop and remove data +docker compose down -v +``` + +### Useful PromQL + +```promql +# All targets status +up + +# Request rate +rate(http_requests_total[5m]) + +# Error rate +rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]) + +# p99 latency +histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) +``` diff --git a/monitoring/docs/grafana_dashboard.png b/monitoring/docs/grafana_dashboard.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..feec411923 Binary files /dev/null and b/monitoring/docs/grafana_dashboard.png differ diff --git a/monitoring/docs/grafana_explore.png b/monitoring/docs/grafana_explore.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b5cd565156 Binary files /dev/null and b/monitoring/docs/grafana_explore.png differ diff --git a/monitoring/docs/grafana_infoservice.png b/monitoring/docs/grafana_infoservice.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e455f3e433 Binary files /dev/null and b/monitoring/docs/grafana_infoservice.png differ diff --git a/monitoring/docs/grafana_login.png b/monitoring/docs/grafana_login.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c12cf561ec Binary files /dev/null and b/monitoring/docs/grafana_login.png differ diff --git a/monitoring/docs/prometheus.png b/monitoring/docs/prometheus.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..64c742b6b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/monitoring/docs/prometheus.png differ diff --git a/monitoring/grafana/provisioning/dashboards/dashboards.yml b/monitoring/grafana/provisioning/dashboards/dashboards.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..75e446f55e --- /dev/null +++ b/monitoring/grafana/provisioning/dashboards/dashboards.yml @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# Grafana Dashboard Provisioning +# Lab 8 - Auto-configure dashboards + +apiVersion: 1 + +providers: + - name: 'DevOps Dashboards' + orgId: 1 + folder: 'DevOps' + folderUid: 'devops' + type: file + disableDeletion: false + updateIntervalSeconds: 30 + allowUiUpdates: true + options: + path: /etc/grafana/provisioning/dashboards diff --git a/monitoring/grafana/provisioning/datasources/datasources.yml b/monitoring/grafana/provisioning/datasources/datasources.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..47c8399fc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/monitoring/grafana/provisioning/datasources/datasources.yml @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +# Grafana Data Sources Provisioning +# Lab 8 - Auto-configure Prometheus and Loki data sources + +apiVersion: 1 + +datasources: + # Prometheus data source for metrics + - name: Prometheus + type: prometheus + uid: PBFA97CFB590B2093 + access: proxy + url: http://prometheus:9090 + isDefault: true + editable: false + jsonData: + timeInterval: "15s" + httpMethod: POST + + # Loki data source for logs (from Lab 7) + - name: Loki + type: loki + uid: loki-datasource + access: proxy + url: http://loki:3100 + editable: false + jsonData: + maxLines: 1000 diff --git a/monitoring/loki/config.yml b/monitoring/loki/config.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8b24d82274 --- /dev/null +++ b/monitoring/loki/config.yml @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +auth_enabled: false + +server: + http_listen_port: 3100 + +common: + path_prefix: /loki + replication_factor: 1 + ring: + instance_addr: 127.0.0.1 + kvstore: + store: inmemory + +schema_config: + configs: + - from: "2024-01-01" + store: tsdb + object_store: filesystem + schema: v13 + index: + prefix: loki_index_ + period: 24h + +storage_config: + tsdb_shipper: + active_index_directory: /loki/tsdb-index + cache_location: /loki/tsdb-cache + filesystem: + directory: /loki/chunks + +limits_config: + retention_period: 168h + +compactor: + working_directory: /loki/compactor + compaction_interval: 10m + retention_enabled: true + retention_delete_delay: 2h + retention_delete_worker_count: 150 + delete_request_store: filesystem diff --git a/monitoring/prometheus/prometheus.yml b/monitoring/prometheus/prometheus.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..765bd133b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/monitoring/prometheus/prometheus.yml @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +# Prometheus Configuration +# Lab 8 - Metrics & Monitoring + +global: + scrape_interval: 15s + evaluation_interval: 15s + +# Scrape configurations +scrape_configs: + # Prometheus self-monitoring + - job_name: 'prometheus' + static_configs: + - targets: ['localhost:9090'] + metrics_path: '/metrics' + + # Python application metrics + - job_name: 'app' + static_configs: + - targets: ['app-python:5000'] + metrics_path: '/metrics' + + # Loki metrics + - job_name: 'loki' + static_configs: + - targets: ['loki:3100'] + metrics_path: '/metrics' + + # Grafana metrics + - job_name: 'grafana' + static_configs: + - targets: ['grafana:3000'] + metrics_path: '/metrics' diff --git a/monitoring/promtail/config.yml b/monitoring/promtail/config.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8cfe94d2ba --- /dev/null +++ b/monitoring/promtail/config.yml @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +server: + http_listen_port: 9080 + grpc_listen_port: 0 + +positions: + filename: /tmp/positions.yaml + +clients: + - url: http://loki:3100/loki/api/v1/push + +scrape_configs: + - job_name: docker + docker_sd_configs: + - host: unix:///var/run/docker.sock + refresh_interval: 5s + filters: + - name: label + values: ["logging=promtail"] + relabel_configs: + - source_labels: ["__meta_docker_container_name"] + regex: "/?(.*)" + target_label: "container" + - source_labels: ["__meta_docker_container_label_app"] + target_label: "app" + - target_label: "job" + replacement: "docker" diff --git a/second_run.txt b/second_run.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc1fdb92ca --- /dev/null +++ b/second_run.txt @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ + +PLAY [Provision web servers] *************************************************** + +TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Update apt cache] *********************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Install common packages] **************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [common : Set timezone] *************************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker prerequisites] *********************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker GPG key] ********************************************* +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Add Docker repository] ****************************************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Update apt cache after adding Docker repository] **************** +ok: [devops-vm] + +TASK [docker : Install Docker packages] **************************************** +[ERROR]: Task failed: Module failed: No package matching 'docker-ce' is available +Origin: /Users/haru/Documents/GitHub/DevOps-Core-Course/ansible/roles/docker/tasks/main.yml:31:3 + +29 cache_valid_time: 0 +30 +31 - name: Install Docker packages + ^ column 3 + +fatal: [devops-vm]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "msg": "No package matching 'docker-ce' is available"} + +PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************* +devops-vm : ok=8 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=1 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 + diff --git a/terraform/.gitignore b/terraform/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b38d2ad43 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# Vagrant +.vagrant/ +*.log + +# Terraform +*.tfstate +*.tfstate.* +.terraform/ +.terraform.lock.hcl +terraform.tfvars +*.tfvars + +# Cloud credentials +*.pem +*.key +*.json +credentials + +# IDE +.vscode/ +.idea/ +*.swp +*.swo +*~ + +# OS +.DS_Store +Thumbs.db diff --git a/terraform/Vagrantfile b/terraform/Vagrantfile new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..72f53b73d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/Vagrantfile @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# -*- mode: ruby -*- +# vi: set ft=ruby : + +# Lab 4 - Infrastructure as Code with Vagrant +# This Vagrantfile defines a local Ubuntu VM for Lab 5 (Ansible) + +Vagrant.configure("2") do |config| + # Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat) + # Using bento/ubuntu-24.04 for better ARM64 (Apple Silicon) compatibility + config.vm.box = "bento/ubuntu-24.04" + + # VM hostname + config.vm.hostname = "devops-lab-vm" + + # Private network with static IP + # This makes the VM accessible from your host machine + config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.56.10" + + # Port forwarding for application access + # Port 5000 (guest) -> Port 5001 (host): Python Flask app + # Port 80 (guest) -> Port 8080 (host): HTTP web server + config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 5000, host: 5001, host_ip: "127.0.0.1" + config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1" + + # VirtualBox-specific configuration + config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb| + # VM name in VirtualBox + vb.name = "devops-lab4-vm" + + # Display name + vb.gui = false + + # Memory allocation (2GB - recommended for Lab 5) + vb.memory = "2048" + + # CPU cores + vb.cpus = 2 + + # Enable DNS proxy to avoid network issues + vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--natdnshostresolver1", "on"] + vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--natdnsproxy1", "on"] + end + + # Provisioning: Install and configure SSH server + # Ensure SSH is properly configured for Ansible (Lab 5) + config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL + # Update package list + apt-get update + + # Install essential packages + apt-get install -y openssh-server curl wget git + + # Ensure SSH service is running + systemctl enable ssh + systemctl start ssh + + # Display VM information + echo "=========================================" + echo "DevOps Lab VM - Ready for Lab 5 (Ansible)" + echo "=========================================" + echo "Hostname: $(hostname)" + echo "IP Address: 192.168.56.10" + echo "SSH: vagrant ssh" + echo "Or: ssh vagrant@192.168.56.10" + echo "Password: vagrant" + echo "=========================================" + SHELL +end diff --git a/terraform/docs/LAB04.md b/terraform/docs/LAB04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e9f7586b0e --- /dev/null +++ b/terraform/docs/LAB04.md @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +# Lab 4 — Infrastructure as Code Documentation + +**Student:** Ilsaf Abdulkhakov +**Date:** February 19, 2026 +**Lab:** Lab 4 - Infrastructure as Code (Terraform & Pulumi) +**Approach:** Local VM with Vagrant + +--- + +## 1. Cloud Provider & Infrastructure + +### Provider Choice: Local VM with Vagrant + +For this lab, I chose a **local virtual machine managed by Vagrant** instead of cloud providers, as explicitly permitted by the lab instructions under the "Local VM Alternative" section. + +### Rationale + +**Why Local VM:** +- Cost-free: No cloud account or billing required +- Demonstrates IaC concepts without cloud complexity +- Meets all Lab 5 (Ansible) requirements +- Full control over VM lifecycle + +**Why Vagrant qualifies as Infrastructure as Code:** +- Declarative configuration in `Vagrantfile` +- Version controlled and reproducible +- Lifecycle management (create, update, destroy) +- Automated provisioning + +### Infrastructure Specifications + +**Virtual Machine:** +- **OS:** Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat) +- **Box:** `bento/ubuntu-24.04` (ARM64-compatible for Apple Silicon) +- **Memory:** 2 GB RAM +- **CPUs:** 2 cores +- **Provider:** VirtualBox 7.x + +**Networking:** +- **Private Network IP:** 192.168.56.10 (static) +- **Port Forwarding:** Guest 5000 → Host 5001 (Flask), Guest 80 → Host 8080 (HTTP) + +**Installed Software:** OpenSSH Server, curl, wget, git, Python 3 + +### Total Cost + +**$0.00** - Completely free + +### Resources Created + +1. **Virtual Machine** (VirtualBox): `devops-lab4-vm`, Ubuntu 64-bit (ARM64) +2. **Virtual Network**: Host-only adapter (192.168.56.0/24), NAT adapter +3. **Storage**: Virtual disk (10 GB, dynamically allocated) + +--- + +## 2. Terraform Implementation + +### Approach: Vagrant as IaC Alternative + +According to lab instructions: *"If using local VM: You can skip Terraform/Pulumi cloud provider setup. Document your local VM setup instead."* + +Vagrant's `Vagrantfile` meets all Task 1 requirements: infrastructure as code, configuration management, lifecycle management, and SSH accessibility. + +### Vagrantfile Structure + +**Location:** `terraform/Vagrantfile` + +```ruby +Vagrant.configure("2") do |config| + config.vm.box = "bento/ubuntu-24.04" + config.vm.hostname = "devops-lab-vm" + + config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.56.10" + config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 5000, host: 5001 + config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080 + + config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb| + vb.name = "devops-lab4-vm" + vb.memory = "2048" + vb.cpus = 2 + end + + config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL + apt-get update + apt-get install -y openssh-server curl wget git + systemctl enable ssh + SHELL +end +``` + +### Key Configuration Decisions + +1. **Ubuntu 24.04 LTS:** Latest LTS, required for Lab 5 compatibility +2. **2 GB RAM, 2 CPUs:** Sufficient for Docker containers in Lab 5 +3. **Static IP (192.168.56.10):** Predictable address for Ansible inventory +4. **Port Forwarding:** Avoids macOS port conflicts (5000 → 5001, 80 → 8080) +5. **Automated Provisioning:** Installs SSH server and essential tools + +### Implementation Steps + +**Create Infrastructure:** +```bash +vagrant up +``` + +![Vagrant Up Output](./screenshots/vagrant-up.png) + +**Verify VM Status:** +```bash +vagrant status +``` + +![Vagrant Status Output](./screenshots/vagrant-status.png) + +**Test SSH Access:** +```bash +vagrant ssh +``` + +![Vagrant SSH Access](./screenshots/vagrant-ssh.png) + +### Challenges Encountered + +1. **Box compatibility:** Initial `ubuntu/noble64` box unavailable for ARM64; switched to `bento/ubuntu-24.04` +2. **Port conflicts:** macOS AirPlay uses port 5000; remapped to 5001 +3. **VirtualBox setup:** Required allowing kernel extension in macOS Security & Privacy + +### Infrastructure Lifecycle + +- **Create:** `vagrant up` +- **Update:** Edit `Vagrantfile`, then `vagrant reload` +- **Destroy:** `vagrant destroy` +- **Recreate:** `vagrant up` (identical VM from code) + +### Comparison to Cloud Terraform + +If using Terraform with cloud provider (e.g., Yandex Cloud): +- Terraform uses HCL syntax vs Ruby (Vagrantfile) +- Manages cloud resources vs local VMs +- More complex state management (remote backends) +- Both achieve same goal: infrastructure as code + +--- + +## 3. Pulumi Implementation + +### Decision: Skip Pulumi + +Per lab instructions: *"For Task 2, you can skip Pulumi (or use Pulumi to manage Vagrant)"* + +I chose to **skip Pulumi** because: +- Vagrant already demonstrates IaC concepts +- Lab explicitly permits this for local VM users +- Minimal work approach as requested + +### Understanding Pulumi + +**What is Pulumi?** +Infrastructure as Code tool using general-purpose programming languages (Python, TypeScript, Go) instead of domain-specific languages like HCL. + +**Key Differences from Terraform:** + +| Aspect | Terraform | Pulumi | +|--------|-----------|--------| +| **Language** | HCL (declarative) | Python, TypeScript, Go (imperative) | +| **State** | Local/remote state file | Pulumi Cloud or self-hosted | +| **Logic** | Limited (count, for_each) | Full programming features | +| **Testing** | External tools | Native unit tests | +| **Ecosystem** | Larger, mature | Growing | + +**When to use each:** +- **Terraform:** Standard infrastructure, ops-focused teams, industry standard +- **Pulumi:** Complex logic, developer-focused teams, testing-critical projects + +--- + +## 4. Terraform vs Pulumi Comparison + +### Ease of Learning +**Terraform:** Easier for IaC beginners. HCL is simple and straightforward with extensive documentation. +**Pulumi:** Easier if you already know Python/TypeScript well, but requires understanding both IaC concepts and programming. + +### Code Readability +**Terraform:** More universally readable, even for non-programmers. Clear resource structure. +**Pulumi:** Great for developers but potentially harder for ops teams without programming background. + +### Debugging +**Terraform:** Straightforward with `terraform plan` and clear error messages. State issues can be tricky. +**Pulumi:** More powerful with standard debuggers and stack traces, but requires more expertise. + +### Documentation +**Terraform:** Excellent quality, comprehensive coverage, abundant examples, very large community. +**Pulumi:** Good quality, growing coverage, smaller but active community. + +### Use Cases +**Terraform:** Standard cloud infrastructure, ops-focused teams, mature ecosystem needed, industry standard requirements. +**Pulumi:** Complex dynamic infrastructure, developer-focused teams, robust testing needed, integration with application code. + +--- + +## 5. Lab 5 Preparation & Cleanup + +### VM for Lab 5 + +**Status:** VM is ready for Lab 5 (Ansible) + +**Which VM:** Vagrant-managed local VM created in this lab + +**Why suitable for Lab 5:** +- Ubuntu 24.04 LTS with apt package manager +- SSH server installed and running +- Static IP: 192.168.56.10 (predictable for Ansible inventory) +- 2 GB RAM, 2 CPUs (sufficient for Docker containers) +- Python 3 installed (required for Ansible) + +### Ansible Inventory Preview + +```ini +[lab_vms] +devops-vm ansible_host=192.168.56.10 ansible_user=vagrant ansible_password=vagrant + +[lab_vms:vars] +ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/bin/python3 +``` + +### VM Access Verification + +**VM Status:** +```bash +$ vagrant status +Current machine states: + +default running (virtualbox) +``` + +**SSH Access Test:** +```bash +$ vagrant ssh +vagrant@devops-lab-vm:~$ hostname +devops-lab-vm +vagrant@devops-lab-vm:~$ python3 --version +Python 3.12.3 +``` + +VM is fully accessible and ready for Ansible. + +### Cleanup Status + +**Current Infrastructure:** +- Vagrant VM: **KEPT** (will use for Lab 5) +- VirtualBox: Installed (provider) +- No cloud resources (none created) + +**Git Repository:** +- `.gitignore` configured correctly +- No VM state files committed (`.vagrant/` excluded) +- Only Vagrantfile committed (infrastructure as code) + +### Cost Summary + +**Lab 4 costs:** $0.00 (Vagrant, VirtualBox, Ubuntu box all free) +**Lab 5 costs:** $0.00 (reusing Lab 4 VM) + +### Reproducibility + +Anyone can recreate the setup: +```bash +git clone +cd DevOps-Core-Course/terraform +brew install --cask vagrant virtualbox +vagrant up +vagrant ssh +``` + +--- + +## Summary + +### What I Learned + +**Infrastructure as Code Concepts:** +- Declarative configuration and version control for infrastructure +- Reproducibility and lifecycle management +- Idempotency and state management + +**Vagrant as IaC Tool:** +- Vagrantfile syntax and provider configuration +- Network configuration and automated provisioning + +**Terraform vs Pulumi:** +- HCL (declarative) vs programming languages (imperative) +- When to use each tool based on team and project needs +- Trade-offs between simplicity and flexibility + +### Conclusion + +Using a local VM with Vagrant successfully demonstrated Infrastructure as Code concepts while avoiding cloud complexity and costs. The VM is ready for Lab 5 (Ansible) and can be destroyed/recreated anytime from the Vagrantfile. + +**Key takeaway:** Infrastructure as Code is about the approach and principles, not about whether you use cloud or local resources. 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