GoogleCloudPlatform
diff --git a/‎invoker/core/pom.xml‎
Lines changed: 7 additions & 11 deletions b/‎invoker/core/pom.xml‎
Lines changed: 7 additions & 11 deletions
diff --git a/‎invoker/core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/functions/invoker/BackgroundFunctionExecutor.java‎
Lines changed: 39 additions & 21 deletions b/‎invoker/core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/functions/invoker/BackgroundFunctionExecutor.java‎
Lines changed: 39 additions & 21 deletions
diff --git a/‎invoker/core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/functions/invoker/HttpFunctionExecutor.java‎
Lines changed: 14 additions & 10 deletions b/‎invoker/core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/functions/invoker/HttpFunctionExecutor.java‎
Lines changed: 14 additions & 10 deletions
diff --git a/‎invoker/core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/functions/invoker/TypedFunctionExecutor.java‎
Lines changed: 15 additions & 10 deletions b/‎invoker/core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/functions/invoker/TypedFunctionExecutor.java‎
Lines changed: 15 additions & 10 deletions
diff --git a/‎invoker/core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/functions/invoker/gcf/ExecutionIdUtil.java‎
Lines changed: 4 additions & 4 deletions b/‎invoker/core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/functions/invoker/gcf/ExecutionIdUtil.java‎
Lines changed: 4 additions & 4 deletions
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
     <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
     <cloudevents.sdk.version>4.0.1</cloudevents.sdk.version>
+    <jetty.version>12.1.3</jetty.version>
   </properties>
 
   <licenses>
@@ -46,11 +47,6 @@
       <artifactId>functions-framework-api</artifactId>
       <version>1.1.4</version>
     </dependency>
-    <dependency>
-      <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
-      <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
-      <version>4.0.1</version>
-    </dependency>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>io.cloudevents</groupId>
       <artifactId>cloudevents-core</artifactId>
@@ -97,13 +93,13 @@
     </dependency>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId>
-      <artifactId>jetty-servlet</artifactId>
-      <version>9.4.58.v20250814</version>
+      <artifactId>jetty-server</artifactId>
+      <version>${jetty.version}</version>
     </dependency>
     <dependency>
-      <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId>
-      <artifactId>jetty-server</artifactId>
-      <version>9.4.58.v20250814</version>
+      <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
+      <artifactId>slf4j-jdk14</artifactId>
+      <version>2.0.9</version>
     </dependency>
     <dependency>
       <groupId>com.beust</groupId>
@@ -151,7 +147,7 @@
     <dependency>
       <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId>
       <artifactId>jetty-client</artifactId>
-      <version>9.4.58.v20250814</version>
+      <version>${jetty.version}</version>
       <scope>test</scope>
     </dependency>
   </dependencies>
 
@@ -30,25 +30,32 @@
 import io.cloudevents.http.HttpMessageFactory;
 import java.io.BufferedReader;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
 import java.io.Reader;
 import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.time.OffsetDateTime;
 import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.TreeMap;
 import java.util.logging.Level;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.http.HttpField;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.http.HttpHeader;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.io.Content;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Handler;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Request;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Response;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.util.Callback;
 
 /** Executes the user's background function. */
-public final class BackgroundFunctionExecutor extends HttpServlet {
+public final class BackgroundFunctionExecutor extends Handler.Abstract {
   private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("com.google.cloud.functions.invoker");
 
   private final FunctionExecutor<?> functionExecutor;
@@ -177,8 +184,13 @@ static Optional<Type> backgroundFunctionTypeArgument(
         .findFirst();
   }
 
-  private static Event parseLegacyEvent(HttpServletRequest req) throws IOException {
-    try (BufferedReader bodyReader = req.getReader()) {
+  private static Event parseLegacyEvent(Request req) throws IOException {
+    try (BufferedReader bodyReader =
+        new BufferedReader(
+            new InputStreamReader(
+                Content.Source.asInputStream(req),
+                Objects.requireNonNullElse(
+                    Request.getCharset(req), StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1)))) {
       return parseLegacyEvent(bodyReader);
     }
   }
@@ -225,7 +237,7 @@ private static Context contextFromCloudEvent(CloudEvent cloudEvent) {
    * for the various triggers. CloudEvents are ones that follow the standards defined by <a
    * href="https://cloudevents.io">cloudevents.io</a>.
    *
-   * @param <CloudEventDataT> the type to be used in the {@link Unmarshallers} call when
+   * @param <CloudEventDataT> the type to be used in the {code Unmarshallers} call when
    *     unmarshalling this event, if it is a CloudEvent.
    */
   private abstract static class FunctionExecutor<CloudEventDataT> {
@@ -322,23 +334,25 @@ void serviceCloudEvent(CloudEvent cloudEvent) throws Exception {
 
   /** Executes the user's background function. This can handle all HTTP methods. */
   @Override
-  public void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws IOException {
-    String contentType = req.getContentType();
+  public boolean handle(Request req, Response res, Callback callback) throws Exception {
+    String contentType = req.getHeaders().get(HttpHeader.CONTENT_TYPE);
     try {
       executionIdUtil.storeExecutionId(req);
       if ((contentType != null && contentType.startsWith("application/cloudevents+json"))
-          || req.getHeader("ce-specversion") != null) {
+          || req.getHeaders().get("ce-specversion") != null) {
         serviceCloudEvent(req);
       } else {
         serviceLegacyEvent(req);
       }
-      res.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_OK);
+      res.setStatus(HttpStatus.OK_200);
+      callback.succeeded();
     } catch (Throwable t) {
-      res.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
       logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to execute " + functionExecutor.functionName(), t);
+      Response.writeError(req, res, callback, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR_500, null);
     } finally {
       executionIdUtil.removeExecutionId();
     }
+    return true;
   }
 
   private enum CloudEventKind {
@@ -352,10 +366,14 @@ private enum CloudEventKind {
    * @param <CloudEventT> a fake type parameter, which corresponds to the type parameter of {@link
    *     FunctionExecutor}.
    */
-  private <CloudEventT> void serviceCloudEvent(HttpServletRequest req) throws Exception {
+  private <CloudEventT> void serviceCloudEvent(Request req) throws Exception {
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     FunctionExecutor<CloudEventT> executor = (FunctionExecutor<CloudEventT>) functionExecutor;
-    byte[] body = req.getInputStream().readAllBytes();
+
+    // Read the entire request body into a byte array.
+    // TODO: this method is deprecated for removal, use the method introduced by
+    //    https://github.com/jetty/jetty.project/pull/13939 when it is released.
+    byte[] body = Content.Source.asByteArrayAsync(req, -1).get();
     MessageReader reader = HttpMessageFactory.createReaderFromMultimap(headerMap(req), body);
     // It's important not to set the context ClassLoader earlier, because MessageUtils will use
     // ServiceLoader.load(EventFormat.class) to find a handler to deserialize a binary CloudEvent
@@ -369,17 +387,17 @@ private <CloudEventT> void serviceCloudEvent(HttpServletRequest req) throws Exce
     // https://github.com/cloudevents/sdk-java/pull/259.
   }
 
-  private static Map<String, List<String>> headerMap(HttpServletRequest req) {
+  private static Map<String, List<String>> headerMap(Request req) {
     Map<String, List<String>> headerMap = new TreeMap<>(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);
-    for (String header : Collections.list(req.getHeaderNames())) {
-      for (String value : Collections.list(req.getHeaders(header))) {
-        headerMap.computeIfAbsent(header, unused -> new ArrayList<>()).add(value);
-      }
+    for (HttpField field : req.getHeaders()) {
+      headerMap
+          .computeIfAbsent(field.getName(), unused -> new ArrayList<>())
+          .addAll(field.getValueList());
     }
     return headerMap;
   }
 
-  private void serviceLegacyEvent(HttpServletRequest req) throws Exception {
+  private void serviceLegacyEvent(Request req) throws Exception {
     Event event = parseLegacyEvent(req);
     runWithContextClassLoader(() -> functionExecutor.serviceLegacyEvent(event));
   }
 
@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@
 import com.google.cloud.functions.invoker.http.HttpResponseImpl;
 import java.util.logging.Level;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Handler;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Request;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Response;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.util.Callback;
 
 /** Executes the user's method. */
-public class HttpFunctionExecutor extends HttpServlet {
+public class HttpFunctionExecutor extends Handler.Abstract {
   private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("com.google.cloud.functions.invoker");
 
   private final HttpFunction function;
@@ -65,21 +67,23 @@ public static HttpFunctionExecutor forClass(Class<?> functionClass) {
 
   /** Executes the user's method, can handle all HTTP type methods. */
   @Override
-  public void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) {
-    HttpRequestImpl reqImpl = new HttpRequestImpl(req);
-    HttpResponseImpl respImpl = new HttpResponseImpl(res);
+  public boolean handle(Request request, Response response, Callback callback) throws Exception {
+
+    HttpRequestImpl reqImpl = new HttpRequestImpl(request);
+    HttpResponseImpl respImpl = new HttpResponseImpl(response);
     ClassLoader oldContextLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
     try {
-      executionIdUtil.storeExecutionId(req);
+      executionIdUtil.storeExecutionId(request);
       Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(function.getClass().getClassLoader());
       function.service(reqImpl, respImpl);
+      respImpl.close(callback);
     } catch (Throwable t) {
       logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to execute " + function.getClass().getName(), t);
-      res.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+      Response.writeError(request, response, callback, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR_500, null);
     } finally {
       Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(oldContextLoader);
       executionIdUtil.removeExecutionId();
-      respImpl.flush();
     }
+    return true;
   }
 }
@@ -15,11 +15,13 @@
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.logging.Level;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Handler;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Request;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Response;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.util.Callback;
 
-public class TypedFunctionExecutor extends HttpServlet {
+public class TypedFunctionExecutor extends Handler.Abstract {
   private static final String APPLY_METHOD = "apply";
   private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("com.google.cloud.functions.invoker");
 
@@ -94,18 +96,21 @@ static Optional<Type> handlerTypeArgument(Class<? extends TypedFunction<?, ?>> f
 
   /** Executes the user's method, can handle all HTTP type methods. */
   @Override
-  public void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) {
+  public boolean handle(Request req, Response res, Callback callback) throws Exception {
     HttpRequestImpl reqImpl = new HttpRequestImpl(req);
     HttpResponseImpl resImpl = new HttpResponseImpl(res);
     ClassLoader oldContextClassLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
 
     try {
       Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(function.getClass().getClassLoader());
       handleRequest(reqImpl, resImpl);
+      resImpl.close(callback);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      Response.writeError(req, res, callback, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR_500, null, t);
     } finally {
       Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(oldContextClassLoader);
-      resImpl.flush();
     }
+    return true;
   }
 
   private void handleRequest(HttpRequest req, HttpResponse res) {
@@ -114,7 +119,7 @@ private void handleRequest(HttpRequest req, HttpResponse res) {
       reqObj = format.deserialize(req, argType);
     } catch (Throwable t) {
       logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to parse request for " + function.getClass().getName(), t);
-      res.setStatusCode(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
+      res.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST_400);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -123,7 +128,7 @@ private void handleRequest(HttpRequest req, HttpResponse res) {
       resObj = function.apply(reqObj);
     } catch (Throwable t) {
       logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to execute " + function.getClass().getName(), t);
-      res.setStatusCode(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+      res.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR_500);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -132,7 +137,7 @@ private void handleRequest(HttpRequest req, HttpResponse res) {
     } catch (Throwable t) {
       logger.log(
           Level.SEVERE, "Failed to serialize response for " + function.getClass().getName(), t);
-      res.setStatusCode(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
+      res.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR_500);
       return;
     }
   }
@@ -147,7 +152,7 @@ private static class GsonWireFormat implements TypedFunction.WireFormat {
     @Override
     public void serialize(Object object, HttpResponse response) throws Exception {
       if (object == null) {
-        response.setStatusCode(HttpServletResponse.SC_NO_CONTENT);
+        response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT_204);
         return;
       }
       try (BufferedWriter bodyWriter = response.getWriter()) {
 
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
 import java.util.logging.Handler;
 import java.util.logging.Logger;
-import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import org.eclipse.jetty.server.Request;
 
 /**
  * A helper class that either fetches a unique execution id from request HTTP headers or generates a
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ public final class ExecutionIdUtil {
    * Add mapping to root logger from current thread id to execution id. This mapping will be used to
    * append the execution id to log lines.
    */
-  public void storeExecutionId(HttpServletRequest request) {
+  public void storeExecutionId(Request request) {
     if (!executionIdLoggingEnabled()) {
       return;
     }
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ public void removeExecutionId() {
     }
   }
 
-  private String getOrGenerateExecutionId(HttpServletRequest request) {
-    String executionId = request.getHeader(EXECUTION_ID_HTTP_HEADER);
+  private String getOrGenerateExecutionId(Request request) {
+    String executionId = request.getHeaders().get(EXECUTION_ID_HTTP_HEADER);
     if (executionId == null) {
       byte[] array = new byte[EXECUTION_ID_LENGTH];
       random.nextBytes(array);